The Cause and Effects of Anorexia - 2797 Words

The Cause and Effects of Anorexia Anorexia nervosa, commonly referred to simply as anorexia, is one type of eating disorder. More importantly, it is also a psychological disorder. Anorexia is a condition that goes beyond out-of-control dieting. A person with anorexia often initially begins dieting to lose weight. Over time, the weight loss becomes a sign of mastery and control. The drive to become thinner is actually secondary to concerns about control and/or fears relating to ones body. The individual continues the endless cycle of restrictive eating, often accompanied by other behaviors such as excessive exercising or the overuse of diet pills, laxatives, and/or enemas in order to reduce body weight, often to a point close to†¦show more content†¦When anorexics finally come to the attention of the health-care professional, they often lack insight into their problem despite being severely malnourished and may be unreliable in terms of providing accurate information. Therefo re, it is often necessary to obtain information from parents or other family members in order to evaluate the degree of weight loss and extent of the disorder. Health professionals will sometimes administer questionnaires for anorexia as part of screening for the disorder. Anorexia can have dangerous psychological and behavioral effects on all aspects of an individuals life and can affect other family members as well. The individual can become seriously underweight, which can lead to depression and social withdrawal.The individual can become irritable and easily upset and have difficulty interacting with others. Sleep can become disrupted and lead to fatigue during the day.Attention and concentration can decrease. * Most individuals with anorexia become obsessed with food and thoughts of food. They think about it constantly and become compulsive about eating rituals. They may collect recipes, cut their food into tiny pieces, prepare elaborate calorie-laden meals for other people, or hoard food. Additionally, they may exhibit other obsessions and/or compulsions related to food, weight, or body shape that meet the diagnostic criteria for anShow MoreRelatedCause and Effect of Anorexia1083 Words   |  5 PagesCause and Effect of Anorexia Of all girls and women in the United States, ten percent will be affected by an eating disorder. Men and women alike are affected, however it is more common in women, specifically those aged thirteen to twenty. The most common eating disorder among teenage girls is anorexia nervosa. This disease is mostly linked with an overwhelming desire to be thin. People take extreme measures to achieve this goal (â€Å"Causes†). Anorexia is a very mysterious and misunderstood diseaseRead MoreEssay on Cause and Effect of Anorexia1128 Words   |  5 Pageswas not cancer or AIDS. I had anorexia, a condition which afflicts many teens and young adults, especially young women.† Holly (Caringonline.org) Anorexia is a type of eating disorder who has an intense fear of gaining weight. They severely limit the amount of food they eat and can become dangerously thin (1). Anorexia affects both the mind and body and can even become deadly. Anorexia usually starts in the teen years and can go into adult hood. Untreated anorexia can lead to starvation and seriousRead MoreThe Hidden Causes and Effects of Anorexia and Bulimia781 Words   |  3 Pages The Hidden Causes and Effects of Anorexia and Bulimia There two general types of eating disorders Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. There is also Anorexic Bulimics. The first type and the subtype is anorexics and the bulimic anorexics. From research shown in the article, Cognitive Styles of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, AN patients (Anorexia Nervosa) Patients have weight loss due to pure diet. Also there are those in the subtype AB (Anorexic Bulimics), â€Å"alsoRead MoreThe Dangerous Effects of Eating Disorders1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dangerous Effects of Eating Disorders You probably hear about eating disorders, and how they can be do dangerous, but what are eating disorders exactly? Eating disorders are a groups of serious conditions in which you are so preoccupied with the food that you eat and how much you weigh, you often focus on little else (http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eating-disorders/basics/definition/con-20033575 ). There are three main types of eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is the fear ofRead MoreAnorexia Nervos A Psychological And Physical Causes And Consequences Of Anorexia930 Words   |  4 Pagespeople with anorexia are related to at least one person with the disorder. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder with mainly adolescent victims. Different studies have been able to identify some of the psychological and physical causes and consequences of anorexia. Many people dismiss anorexia nervosa as a short-lived adolescent disorder, but most do not realize the disease’s long-lasting implications on health and how crucial it is to seek treatment. The UMMC (2016) defines anorexia nervosa asRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa And Its Effects On Society1514 Words   |  7 Pagespeople are currently suffering from Anorexia. Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder in which people suffering drastically restrict food intake due to an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image. There has been an unfortunate increase in people suffering from Anorexia Nervosa over the past several decades. Anorexia can be caused by a combination of social, interpersonal, and psychological factors that must be resolved through treatment. Anorexia is an extremely dangerous disorderRead MoreAnorexia - Informative Speech Essay748 Words   |  3 Pagestoday about anorexia; what it is, signs, causes, effects, and possible treatments to help it. First, I will tell you what anorexia is. People with anorexia have an extreme and irrational dread of becoming fat and they have a distorted view of their body size and shape. They will hardly eat at all and the small amounts of food they do eat become an obsession. When you suffer from anorexia, no matter who much you weight you have lost, its never enough. There are two types of anorexia called RestrictingRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa- Eating Disorder1685 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of anorexia are mostly seen on the outside of the victim’s body, but do not be fooled. This detrimental eating disorder affects one’s mind just as much as it would the body. What Anorexia does to the mind is that it distorts the way one views their body. Victims of anorexia become fixated on their body image and overly critical about their flaws and weight. Even being obviously underweight, Anorexics will continuously deny that they have a problem and continue with their fatal practices.Rea d MoreThe Effects Of Anorexia Nervosa On The Human Body1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Anorexia Nervosa On the Human Body Anorexia is a lack or loss of appetite for food as a medical condition and is also considered an emotional disorder categorized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat. Anorexia is found in all people, male and female of any age and in some cases can be life threatening. The reason Anorexia and all eating disorders in general are important to study is because they are a significant part of society. Eating disorders also hold theRead MoreA Brief Note On Anorexia And Anorexia Nervosa1148 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia is a severe eating disorder which is generally characterized by severe weight loss and life threatening dieting these then results in malnourishment (Anorexia Nervosa , 2015). Bulimia and Anorexia are known to be the two most largely known eating disorders that are very serious and affect many teenagers. 95% of people suffering with anorexia are known to be girls however there’s an average 5% of males that suffer from this mental illness. Anorexia is when the brain goes into over drive to

Patrol Rifles Arming Officers to Succeed Free Essays

string(61) " and higher risk of over penetration through interior walls\." PATROL RIFLES: ARMING OFFICERS TO SUCCEED Sergeant Scott Buziecki North Aurora Police Department A Research Paper Submitted to the Northwestern University Center for Public Safety School of Police Staff Command Class #175 Naperville, Illinois December 9, 2002 Executive Summary The North Aurora Police Department currently allows officers to carry their choice of 9mm or . 45 caliber pistols; no long guns are available. The Firearms Training Unit has proposed that the department adopt the . We will write a custom essay sample on Patrol Rifles: Arming Officers to Succeed or any similar topic only for you Order Now 223 caliber rifle for patrol officer use. The reasons for this proposal are: (1) pistols are inherently less accurate and have a shorter effective range than long guns such as rifles and shotguns, (2) pistol caliber bullets penetrate more heavily through interior walls than . 223 rifle caliber bullets, which causes an increased risk of unintended persons being hit, and (3) pistol caliber bullets will not penetrate body armor and many other obstacles commonly encountered, while most . 223 caliber bullets will. The objective of this research is to determine if the NAPD should adopt a long gun for patrol officer use or keep the current pistol-only program as it is. The types of weapons under consideration are pistol caliber rifles (9mm and . 45 caliber), shotguns (slugs and buckshot), and the . 223 caliber rifle. These weapons will be compared and contrasted with respect to accuracy range, ease of use, wounding ability, and barrier penetration. Immediate Incapacitation Officers shoot to immediately achieve physiological incapacitation of a suspect who is threatening life. This means that the suspect is rendered physically incapable of continuing his or her life threatening behavior. This is done by (1) damaging or destroying the suspect’s central nervous system by shooting the brain or upper spinal cord, or (2) interrupting blood flow to the brain, to cause unconsciousness, through shooting the center mass of the suspect. Stopping blood flow to the brain is done by creating as much trauma and bleeding as possible. Some projectiles cause these effects better than others. Decisions on weapons, ammunition, and training should be made with the goal of immediate incapacitation in mind. Accuracy Range Pistols are less accurate than rifles and shotguns due to their short sight radius. Their useful range is 25 yards or less. Shotguns have a range of about 30 yards with buckshot and about 50 yards with slugs. Pistol caliber rifles (9mm and . 45 caliber) have a useful range of about 50 yards. The best range and accuracy of all the choices is found in the . 223 caliber rifle. It is accurate to over 100 yards, even in the hands of average officers, the majority of the patrol workforce. Officers should be armed with a weapon capable of the longest range that they might reasonably need to engage with lethal force. The longest hallway at Jewel Middle School is about 180 feet or 60 yards. Compare this to the above listed weapons ranges. Other buildings, such as factories and warehouses are usually very large and would likely require long gun capability to adequately respond to an active shooter situation. Even though an active shooter here is unlikely, officers should still be prepared to respond to one. The weapon with the best accuracy and range is the . 223 caliber rifle, followed by pistol caliber rifles, shotguns, and pistols. Ease of use Compared with the shotgun, the rifle (either pistol caliber or rifle) is more comfortable for officers to shoot and be confident with, an important consideration for risk management. The shotgun is known for heavy recoil, something that makes controlling it difficult, especially for female officers and smaller male officers. Rifles, on the other hand, have a mild recoil. Because of this, its use is as easy for women as it is for men. If a weapon is uncomfortable for officers to shoot, it is not an effective weapon. With respect to ease of use, the best weapon is one that the majority of patrol officers can operate effectively, and in this case, rifles are easier to shoot than shotguns. Wounding ability Handgun bullets have minimal fragmentation and a very small temporary cavity, which causes very little or no additional wounding so their wounding effectiveness is determined simply by the size of the permanent cavity and the depth of penetration. Shotgun slugs produce very devastating wounds due to very high penetration and if that were the only factor in choosing the appropriate round, the best projectile would be a slug. Rifle bullets produce adequate penetration, larger temporary cavitation, and fragmentation, depending on the weight and design. The temporary cavity, acting on tissues already damaged by bullet fragments, causes additional trauma and bleeding. These elements combine to make . 223 bullets more severe than pistol bullets. Penetration tests illustrate that, in general, . 223 caliber bullets cause more severe trauma than pistol calibers. Barrier Penetration Pistol bullets have been shown, through ballistic testing, to penetrate further after going through a common interior wall. This is also true for shotgun slugs and buckshot. 223 caliber bullets, on the other hand, have been shown to fragment more and penetrate less after going through an interior wall, thereby reducing the risk of a bystander being injured in an adjacent room. .223 caliber bullets also reliably penetrate body armor, while pistol bullets and shotgun ammunition do not. This would be vitally important if officers must fa ce violent criminals wearing body armor, such as during the 1997 Hollywood bank robbery shootout. Long Gun Survey Of 21 suburban Chicago area agencies surveyed, every one allows patrol officers to carry a long gun (100%). While it is not surprising that some are carrying shotguns, it is a little surprising to find that the majority of departments surveyed (71%) are actually carrying rifles. In fact, several agencies carry both a shotgun and a rifle or give officers their choice of either weapon. Of those that carry rifles, the majority (80%) uses . 223-caliber ammunition. Conclusion Handguns are inadequate for some situations because of their limited effective range, limited accuracy, lesser wounding ability, and higher risk of over penetration through interior walls. You read "Patrol Rifles: Arming Officers to Succeed" in category "Essay examples" 223 caliber rifles have less recoil, better accuracy, greater range, superior wounding ability, more favorable interior wall penetration, and the ability to penetrate body armor. Since patrol officers are the first to respond to any life threatening criminal incident, however infrequent they may be, law enforcement agencies should arm them with a long gun o f some kind. Anything less and they will not be adequately prepared to respond. Having adequate weapons will increase the chances that responding officers can reduce the ability of the suspect to resist. Recommendations The North Aurora Police Department should adopt . 23-caliber ammunition for patrol rifle use. Further investigation of specific . 223 rounds in various weights and configurations should be done to precisely determine each round’s performance for various uses. Based on anecdotal information from firearms trainers, the Department should select one round for barrier penetration (when this is desired) and one for close quarters use (when interior penetration is not desired). More focused research and/or ballistic testing will help determine the specific cartridges. In addition, the FBI’s ammunition testing data will be of some help as well. Submitted to Chief Thomas Fetzer Sergeant Scott Buziecki North Aurora Police Department The Village of North Aurora, a community of about 12,500 residents, is not a violent community; in fact, the North Aurora Police Department considers itself â€Å"service† oriented. Still, the citizens expect the police to be able to protect lives, our most important service. Currently, officers of the North Aurora Police Department are armed with only a sidearm, their choice of a 9mm or . 45-caliber semi-automatic pistol. There is no supplemental weapon available, such as a shotgun or rifle. Even though officers in North Aurora are rarely called upon to face armed, violent offenders, it could happen at any moment. Since the Columbine massacre of 1999, police agencies have begun training their patrol officers in rapid deployment procedures for active shooter situations and other critical incidents. The NAPD has done this as well. However, while many other police agencies, both large and small, carry side arms and long guns, the North Aurora Police Department is only prepared to respond to these incidents with handguns, a significant tactical disadvantage. Columbine was the law enforcement community’s wake up call and there is no longer any excuse not to be prepared. This does not mean that every agency should field a SWAT team. Patrol officers are the backbone of every police department and the first to respond to every call. They should have the tools and training to handle any reasonably predictable incident. Even though they are rare in North Aurora, incidents of violence are not confined to any particular jurisdiction size or socioeconomic class, so it could happen anywhere. During the North Hollywood bank robbery shootout in Los Angeles, California in 1997, heavily armed offenders wearing several layers of body armor outgunned responding patrol officers for 45 minutes. Since this incident, police agencies across the nation began arming their patrol officers with rifles. On Halloween 2002 in St. Charles, a man fired several shots through his apartment door at children trick or treating. Patrol officers were the first to respond to these incidents and they handled at least the first several minutes until relieved by better-equipped personnel. What would have happened if the armed suspect confronted the police? What would have happened if that happened in North Aurora, where sidearms are the only weapons available to officers? While North Aurora has been blessed by being relatively violence-free, it is not immune to violence. There is nothing to indicate that any of those incidents could not have happened in North Aurora. Police administrators are responsible for ensuring that their agencies are prepared to respond to life threatening emergencies. This means adequately equipping and training personnel to meet challenges that could reasonably be expected. If it is predictable, then it is preventable. PROBLEM STATEMENT The North Aurora Police Department currently allows officers to carry their choice of 9mm or . 45 caliber pistols. No long guns are currently authorized for use. Members of NAPD’s Firearms Training Unit have suggested that the pistol is inadequate for all situations and that a long gun should be adopted. The deficiencies in the current pistol-only program are: (1) pistols are inherently less accurate and have a shorter effective range than long guns such as rifles and shotguns, (2) pistol caliber bullets penetrate more heavily through interior walls than . 23 rifle caliber bullets, which causes an increased risk of unintended persons being hit, and (3) pistol caliber bullets will not penetrate body armor and many other obstacles commonly encountered, while most . 223 caliber bullets will. The primary issue is to evaluate whether or not a supplementary long gun is necessary for patrol officer use in the North Auror a Police Department. If a long gun is needed, what is the best type to choose: a . 223 caliber rifle, a pistol caliber rifle (9mm or . 45 cal. ), or a shotgun (buckshot or slugs)? ACHIEVING IMMEDIATE INCAPACITATION According to the law, a police officer can only shoot in defense of his or her own life or that of another—to immediately stop the life threatening behavior of the suspect. Police officers shoot to achieve immediate physiological incapacitation—defined as â€Å"the sudden physical or mental inability to pose any further risk of injury to others. † (Patrick). If not physiologically incapacitated, the suspect is still able to continue life-threatening behavior. In some cases, a hit to a suspect’s arm or leg might obtain psychological incapacitation, where the suspect voluntarily stops fighting due to the ‘shock’ of being shot. In this type of case, the suspect is still physically able to continue the fight, but chooses to surrender. Psychological incapacitation is very unreliable, since it varies greatly from person to person without regard to a particular cartridge. (Roberts 17) Therefore, we must strive to achieve immediate physiological incapacitation to stop life threatening behavior. Decisions on weapons, ammunition, and training should be made with this goal in mind. There are only two ways to cause immediate physiological incapacitation. The first is to damage or destroy the Central Nervous System, by shooting the brain or upper spinal cord. In order to damage or destroy the CNS, officers are taught that a hit in the triangle between the eyes and nose is most likely to succeed. Hits outside that area have a higher chance of hitting bone at an angle and can actually fail to penetrate, bouncing off. Or they can hit a part of the brain that will not incapacitate the suspect. â€Å" . . . individuals can perform tasks or even survive gunshot wounds of the brain—especially if they involve the frontal lobes. In documented cases of suicide, an individual has fired a bullet through the frontal lobes, to be followed by a second fatal shot into the basal ganglia. † (DiMaio 210) The author once responded to a shooting where the victim was shot at close range in the side of the head with a . 25 caliber bullet at an angle and the bullet bounced off his skull. He suffered only a minor flesh wound. Shooting the brain or spinal cord usually causes death or permanent disability so it is usually done only as a last resort to prevent imminent great bodily harm. The second way to cause immediate physiological incapacitation is to interrupt blood flow to the suspect’s brain, which causes unconsciousness. The best way to do this quickly is to cause heavy bleeding by shooting vital organs or blood arteries and vessels. The faster the suspect bleeds, the faster blood flow to the brain will stop and the sooner that unconsciousness will occur. Since the highest concentration of vital organs and blood vessels is located in the chest and abdomen of the human body, officers are taught to shoot at that area, called the center of mass. Shooting at the center of mass also increases the likelihood of getting a hit, since it is the largest part of the human body. Shooting an arm or leg to wound, as some might suggest police should do, is not likely to cause physiological incapacitation. Physiological incapacitation takes a minimum of 10-15 seconds to occur because even when shot directly through the heart, the suspect’s brain and muscles still have a small supply of oxygen and can function until it is exhausted. The limiting factor for consciousness is the oxygen supply to the brain. When the oxygen in the brain is consumed, unconsciousness occurs. Experiments have shown that an individual can remain conscious for at least 10-15 seconds after complete occlusion of the carotid arteries. Thus, if no blood is pumped to the brain, an individual can function, e. g. , run, for at least 10 sec before collapsing. (DiMaio 210) Put simply, the best bullets are the ones that cause physiological incapacitation the quickest. By measuring several factors of projectile wounding, the most appropriate type of round(s) can be selected for the various types of applications. There are four factors of projectile wounding: (1) Depth of penetration, (2) Permanent cavity, (3) Temporary cavity, and (4) Fragmentation. Depth of penetration is the amount of tissue that the bullet passes through and destroys, which is important because in order to cause physiological incapacitation, the projectile must make it deep enough to damage vital organs and blood vessels. (Patrick) The permanent cavity is the hole left by the bullet’s path through the body. (Patrick) As it passes though, tissue is crushed and bleeding occurs. The bigger the hole, the more tissue that is damaged, the more bleeding that will occur. The temporary cavity is the tissue surrounding the permanent cavity that stretches away from the bullet as it passes through the body. (Patrick) This is a little like what happens when a rock is thrown into water. The impact of the rock initially moves the water out of the way, causing a temporary hole in the water. The water quickly moves back and fills the hole. The amount of damage caused by this effect varies greatly based (generally) on the velocity of the bullet and the elasticity of the tissue. Anatomical structures such as blood vessels, muscles, lungs, and bowels are able to survive significant stretching with a minimum amount of damage but inelastic tissues will sustain significant damage because of the temporary cavity stretching. (Patrick) â€Å"Inelastic tissues such as the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, brain, and completely full fluid or gas filled hollow organs, such as the bladder, are highly susceptible to severe permanent splitting, tearing, and rupture due to temporary cavitation insults. † (Roberts 18) Fragmentation is the breakup of the bullet. Patrick) Fragments of the bullet can spread out wider than the permanent cavity, causing multiple, smaller permanent cavities and bleeding as they pass though tissue. â€Å"Projectile fragmentation in tissue can also greatly increase the perma- nent cavity size. When a bullet fragments in tissue, each of the multiple fragments spreads out radially from the main wound track, cutting its own path through tissue . † (Roberts 20) Fragmentation also increases the chances that the bullet will remain in the body, thereby, reducing the chances that an innocent bystander will be seriously injured by a bullet that passes through the target’s body. The extent of injuries caused by a bullet depend, in part, on how well the bullet produces the four listed wounding components and how well they compliment each other. Temporary cavity and fragmentation, under the right conditions, can complement each other because the bullet fragments can weaken surrounding tissue, which can then be detached by the temporary cavity, in effect creating a larger permanent cavity with additional trauma and bleeding. â€Å"It is the synergy of the temporary cavity acting on tissue that has already been riddled with bullet fragments that produces the increased permanent cavity . . . (Fackler 27) Therefore, the temporary cavity is reliant on the velocity of the bullet, where in the body it hits, and what the bullet does inside the body. According the Federal Bureau of Investigation, depth of penetration and permanent cavity are considered the most important of the wounding components, especially for pistol ammunition. The FBI recommends penetration of at least 12 inches to ensure this damage. (Patrick) Pistol ammunition involves a very small temporary cavity and very little fragmentation. However, the component that most affects the severity of a gunshot wound is the size of the temporary cavity. Due to their very high velocities and high kinetic energies, rifles can produce very severe wounds. (DiMaio 142) As stated earlier, the more trauma and bleeding caused, the more likely physiological incapacitation will occur. IS A LONG GUN NECESSARY? Before considering whether a supplementary long gun is necessary, we must first compare and contrast pistols and long guns. The greatest strength of pistols is that they are always readily accessible, while their weakness is their limited accuracy and short useful range. Long guns, however, have increased accuracy and longer range than handguns. Their weakness is limited accessibility in unexpected situations. However, some policy makers, in spite of the evidence, will still be concerned about liability. â€Å"Liability issues should not be the main focus of whether rifle/carbines are permitted to be carried by officers. Public safety and officer survival should be the prime consideration. † (Chudwin 15) Since public safety and officer survival are the focus, the differences of pistols and long guns in accessibility, accuracy, and range will be shown. In addition, results of a long gun survey as well as some views opposed to patrol rifles will be presented. Accessibility The greatest strength of pistols is that they readily available. They are best suited for use at close range (under 25 yards) in situations in which an unexpected threat confronts officers. â€Å"When faced with a non-anticipated life-threatening situation, a peace officer is best armed with the firearm of convenience, a handgun . . . .† (Bollig 24) The National Tactical Officers Association, in its Tactical Team Weapon Selection position paper agrees: â€Å"It is recommended by the Association that members tasked with entering high-risk areas be adequately armed with a shoulder-fired weapon . . . Handguns are to be carried as ‘secondary’ or ‘back up’ weapons and not as primary entry weapons. † (â€Å"Tactical Team Weapons Selection† 5-6) Special Agent Urey Patrick, of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, agrees: A review of law enforcement shootings clearly suggests that regardless of the number of rounds fired in a shooti ng, most of the time only one or two solid torso hits on the adversary can be expected. This expectation is realistic because of the nature of shooting incidents and the extreme difficulty of shooting a handgun with precision under such dire conditions. The probability of multiple hits with a handgun is not high. Experienced officers implicitly recognize that fact, and when potential violence is reasonably expected, their preparations are characterized by obtaining as many shoulder weapons as possible. Since most shootings are not anticipated, the officer involved cannot be prepared in advance with heavier armament. As a corollary tactical principle, no law enforcement officer should ever plan to meet an expected attack armed with only a handgun. Patrick) The most general description of a situation where a pistol is inadequate and a long gun would be preferred is one where officers reasonably believe that lethal force might be necessary. Accuracy Pistols are inherently less accurate than long guns. â€Å"The . 223 has advantages relative to a handgun, partly by creating greater wound trauma, but primarily through greater accuracy of fire and the associated extension of effective range. † (MacPherson 30) At the practice range, missed shots are caused by the failure of the shooter to align the sights at the moment the trigger breaks and the bullet leaves the barrel. In real life, where both the shooter and the target are usually moving, missed shots are very common. In a study of 19 officer-involved shootings the Joliet, Illinois Police Department found that officers, using various types of firearms, missed their intended target 71 percent of the time. (Kerr and Wilkerson 10) Pistols are imprecise for two main reasons. The first reason is simply the distance between the front and rear sights. Pistols have a short sight radius, while long guns have a much greater distance between the sights. The greater the sight radius, the greater the accuracy will be. The second reason for pistols limited accuracy when compared to long guns is the stability (or instability) of the way that pistols and long guns are held. Most officers use a two-hand hold when firing a pistol, while a long gun allows a four-point hold—both hands, cheek, and shoulder. (Lesce 28) With a two handed pistol hold, misalignment of the sights from the eye of the shooter happens with only a slight movement of the wrist or a lowering of the arms, which is very easy to do in a gunfight. This misalignment is possible because of the short sight radius and the unanchored hold. Any misalignment of the sights translates to a missed shot. In order to break the eye-rear sight-front sight alignment using a long gun, an officer would have to hold the weapon incorrectly. The superior range of long guns is closely related to greater effective range than pistols. Effective Range In contrast with the performance of handguns, long guns offer greater range. The useful range of a pistol is 25 yards or less. For some officers the ideal pistol range may be only as far as 15 yards. When used with buckshot, a shotgun’s maximum useful range is around 30 y ards. With slugs, the maximum range for the average officer is no more than 50 yards, while a rifle, on the other hand, is best for intermediate ranges (up to 100 yards). (Fairburn 39) Sniper rifles, of course, are useful for longer ranges but patrol officers would not have a need for such longrange accuracy. Armed with a patrol rifle, an officer can control a 100 yard radius which â€Å" . . . allows fewer officers to control a given area and still deliver far more close-range precision than that offered by a sidearm or a shotgun. † (Fairburn 59) Specifically, long guns would be advantageous to deploy in the following types of situations: hostage situations, barricaded subjects, felony stops, perimeter containment, confronting armed criminals wearing body armor, tactical entries on search and arrest warrants, and crimes involving weapons. Their advantages in accuracy and range increase the tactical advantage for responding officers, allowing them to be farther away behind better cover. Long Guns Used SPSC 175 Shotguns 29% Long Gun Survey A number of area police agencies currently use long weapons of some kind or another and many have replaced their shotguns with patrol rifles. Of 21 agencies surveyed, every one allows patrol officers to carry a long gun (100%). Of those, seven (33. 3%) carry only rifles, eight (38. 1%) carry rifles and shotguns or the officer’s choice, and six (28. 6%) carry only shotguns. Therefore, 71. 4% of the agencies surveyed allow patrol officers to carry rifles and 28. 6% carry only shotguns. See pie chart in figure 1. Of the fourteen departments that allow rifles, eleven of them (78. 6%) use . 223-caliber ammunition Only three of fourteen, (21. 4%) use 9mm ammunition. Class survey) While this survey is not scientific, it certain demonstrates that long guns are the norm and patrol rifles are not a revolutionary idea. Rifles 71% Figure 1 Opposing Views Even though a number of departments have switched or are switching to the use of rifles by patrol officers, there are opposing viewpoints. One view says that if police are armed with more firepower, they will feel pressure to use them. â€Å"‘It’s courting trouble ,’ said Tom Diaz of the Violence Policy Center, a Washington-based non-profit research group that studies the effects of violence. ‘The average cop never has the occasion to use his gun,’ Diaz said. So if this kind of firepower is available, there is an implicit pressure to use it. Yet the average officer often lacks the training and experience. ’† (Vogt 8) Some of the LAPD officers involved in the 45 minute long North Hollywood bank robbery shootout probably had never used their guns in the line of duty before and they clearly needed a more powerful weapon that day. While events like this are not likely in North Aurora (or anywhere for that matter), patrol officers should be reasonably prepared to respond Another viewpoint says that community policing and more firepower do not mix. â€Å"Particularly problematic . . . s that while the federal government is arming police departments, it is also promoting a softer, gentler approach to law enforcement with the Community Oriented Policing program. † (Elbow 5A) Community policing is based on officers responding to the problems and concerns of the community, along with the community members. If an armed offender is endangering the community, the community wants the police to come prepared to put an end to it. Is the community going to care what the weapon looks as long as it helps the police conclude the incident safely? Will they be upset if an innocent bystander is hurt by a rifle or shotgun? Of course they will, but this would also be the case if a bystander were hurt by an officer armed with only a pistol. Finally, this opposing viewpoint agrees that more heavily armed suspects are a problem for the police. He says that arming police with such weapons is not a good idea and offers no better way to deal with the problem. It takes little imagination to guess the difficulties this poses for the police in the future. Shootouts with criminals equipped with handguns are dangerous. Facing adversaries armed with military assault rifles substantially increases the risk to both police and innocent citizens . . . Increasing police weaponry is really not a sound solution to the problem. In a gun battle, the police are usually not in a position to unleash the fury of an automatic weapon at an armed opponent. Most gun battles take place in an urban setting. Firing off a clip of ammunition in the direction will, sooner or later, result in the killing of an innocent bystander. The poli ce are therefore limited in their ability to respond to sophisticated weaponry. (Holden 341) Mr. Holden agrees that heavily armed criminals pose a great risk to police and civilians and he is right about that. His point that the police are not n a position to use an automatic weapon misses the point. First, very few departments, if any, are actually arming patrol officers with fully automatic rifles. Rather, they are semi-automatic rifles, which fire one round at a time with each trigger pull. In unexpected confrontations with armed offenders, his point is accurate, because they cannot call timeout to get their rifle. However, the value of having patrol officers armed with rifles is that when they are responding to a situation where they can reasonably expect an armed offender, they can have the rifle in their hand when they exit their patrol car (with an interior mounted rack. This is no slower than drawing their pistol from its holster. Finally, Mr. Holden refers to a magazine, th e container that holds the cartridges, as a ‘clip. ’ If he does not even know what the name of the part, how knowledgeable is he and how intensive was peer review of his book? The above opinions expressed against arming patrol officers seem either misinformed or based on something other than facts and tactical principles. Is a long gun a necessary piece of equipment for a patrol officer to carry? The answer is an emphatic ABSOLUTELY. Without long guns, officers will be nearly tactically helpless beyond 25 yards. WHAT TYPE OF LONG GUN IS BEST SUITED FOR PATROL USE? Many agencies are concerned about liability and rightly so. However, choosing the wrong tools and training for the job seems more at risk for incurring liability than doing careful research and then selecting the best solution. It is a far greater liability risk to fail to give officers the tools skills they need to survive and succeed. â€Å"The key case of City of Canton v. Harris (1989) identifies ‘deliberate indifference’ toward civil rights on the part of city policy makers as the mental state needed to subject a municipality to Section 1983 liability. Recall here that deliberate indifference is akin to recklessness in the disregard of risk to others. † (Mijares et. al 36) In other words, to be aware of a risk and fail to prepare for it can create civil rights liability. Which type of weapon (and what cartridge) is best ultimately depends on the needs of each particular agency, but weapons that are easy for officers to operate will be the best choice. The primary choice each agency must make is first, to decide the caliber and second, to decide the configuration (i. e. full metal jacket, hollow point, etc. ) and in what situations each type will be used. Then they should select the weapon to use with the ammunition. First, some ammunition-related definitions, since these terms and abbreviations are used throughout this discussion: †¢ Full metal jacket (FMJ): This bullet has a metal jacket surrounding the lead or steel core, to prevent it from expanding on impact. The FMJ is the bullet configuration used by the military. (DiMaio 143) †¢ Jacketed soft point (JSP): Unlike the full metal-jacketed bullet, a metal jacket partially covers the soft point bullet. The core is exposed at the tip, which helps the bullet expand upon impact. Soft point bullets are usually used for hunting. (DiMaio 143) †¢ Jacketed hollow point (JHP): Like the soft point bullet, the hollow point bullet has a metal jacket partially covering it. However, the exposed tip is hollow, which encourages expansion upon impact. Hollow point bullets are usually used for hunting and shooting competitions. (DiMaio 144) Hollow point bullets are the official bullets of the NAPD. The three different types of ammunition under consideration are (1) Pistol Calibers (9mm and . 45 calibers), (2) Shotgun (both buckshot and slugs), and (3) Rifle Calibers (. 23 caliber). 9mm and . 45 caliber bullets are being considered because these are the currently issued duty ammunition for the North Aurora Police Department. Shotgun slugs and buckshot are being considered because they have always been the standard second weapon of law enforcement. Finally, . 223 caliber bullets are being considered because they seem to be the most popular rifle round that agencies sele ct. .308 caliber bullets are not being considered because they are generally considered too powerful for patrol use. They are most commonly used by police snipers. Deciding what caliber to use requires some knowledge about the wounding mechanics of each of the major choices for long guns. Comparisons will be made between shotguns, pistol caliber rifles, and . 223 caliber rifles in the areas of ease of use, accuracy and range, wounding ability, interior wall penetration and body armor penetration. Ease of Use Compared with the shotgun, the rifle is more comfortable for officers to shoot and be confident with, an important consideration for risk management. While this is not an advantage over pistol caliber rifles, it is huge advantage over shotguns. The shotgun is a difficult gun to master. Its recoil is excessive for many small-statured officers and at least bothersome to even the biggest, strongest men. This recoil hampers precise placement of slugs as well as limiting the practice many need to be effective with shot. . . . The shotgun, despite its long history of use in the United States, is not an ideal second weapon for police agencies (Fairburn 39) If officers are not comfortable with a weapon, they will not practice as well and their handling of the weapon during real-life situations will be tentative. This becomes a liability issue. As police agencies become more sensitive to the liability aspects of police firearms training, specifically the lack of such training, the rifle or carbine becomes more attractive. Officers are more comfortable with a rifle since it allows more precision and metes out less abuse. The comfort factor promotes increased training and familiarity, which in turn, increases confidence. And being confident with one’s weapon is the secret to effective use. (Fairburn 39) Would you want officers, armed with a weapon that they do not feel comfortable with, to respond to a life-threatening situation? Due to the excessive recoil, training is limited because the body can only take so much. With limited training comes limited confidence and limited familiarity. These are not acceptable qualities of a weapon for law enforcement. In contrast with shotguns, the rifle’s low recoil makes it as easy to master for women as it is for men. The . 223 cartridge offers a milder recoil than shotguns and full size rifle cartridges because it is an intermediate sized cartridge. This is important for training female and smaller male officers. Parker 3-4) â€Å"It is my experience that training officers to effectively use the rifle/carbine is easier due to the shoulder mounted stability, low recoil, and long sight radius. † (Chudwin 17) Once an officer is taught the proper way to hold the rifle, getting accurate hits is as simple as lining up the sights with the target and making a smooth trigger pull. Accuracy Range Long gun accuracy, from least accurate to most accurate, is the shot gun, the pistol caliber rifle, and the . 223 caliber rifle. Slugs and buckshot are the least accurate of all three types of long gun ammunition under consideration. When used by the average officer, the shotgun has a useful range of around 30 yards with buckshot and about 50 yards with slugs. Buckshot is terribly imprecise since the pellets spray outward after they leave the barrel. They spread wider the farther they travel, which is why the range is so limited. (Fairburn 39) While the best officers might be able to hit a suspect farther than 50 yards away with a shotgun with good quality sights, average officers are not capable of this, and they represent a much larger percentage of the patrol workforce. The accurate range of a pistol caliber rifle may be no more than 50 yards, although a patrol rifle should be capable of accurate head shots at 50 yards and accurate body shots at 100 yards (or more). (Fairburn 59) In comparison, a rifle caliber weapon, in the hands of an average officer, is capable of accurate shots to a range of at least 100 yards, if not more. (â€Å"Tactical Team Weapons Selection† 2) Well-trained officers might be capable of distances greater than that but probably would not be much need for a shot to be taken at those ranges. The most accurate long gun, of those under consideration, that you can arm a patrol officer with is rifle chambered in an intermediate rifle cartridge, such as the . 223. Critics might suggest that the range of the . 223 caliber bullet makes missed shots too dangerous because they will travel a very great distance, increasing the chances for an innocent bystander to be struck. However, Chief Jeff Chudwin, of the Olympia Fields Police Department and a police rifle instructor, points out that the maximum range (with optimum barrel angle) of the . 223 (8,300 ft. ) is similar to that of the 9mm (6,800 ft. and the . 357 magnum (7,100 ft. ). The 12 ga. 1 oz. Slug, which weighs considerably more than the others do, travels only 1,830 feet. â€Å"Any stray round is a hazard and it is illogical to claim one type of firearm is more or less dangerous than another based only the maximum range of the round. The key issue is, what is the penetration and ricochet potential of the bullet type and c aliber in a residential area? † (16) Wounding Ability The FBI recommends projectile penetration of at least 12 inches in order to ensure that the projectile gets deep enough to damage vital organs and large blood vessels. Patrick) Dr. Martin Fackler, a world-renowned ballistic expert, believes that in order for the . 223 bullet to cause adequate tissue damage, it must produce a 14-15 cm temporary cavity along with bullet fragmentation of 30-50%. (27) In terms of terminal wound ballistics (the study of what projectiles do after they hit something), there is no more devastating projectile than a shotgun slug. In tests of hollow point projectiles shot into bare gelatin conducted by Dr. Gary Roberts, a 12-gauge 1- ounce shotgun slug had an average penetration of 26. inches and average maximum temporary cavity of 13. 0 cm. 12 gauge 00 buckshot had an average penetration of 22. 8 inches. Maximum temporary cavity was not measured for this round. A 9mm 147gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 13. 2 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 5. 5 cm. A . 45 cal 230gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 14. 2 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 6. 5 cm. The shotgun slugs and pistol bullets did not fragment in the testing. The . 223 bullets (various weights and configurations) tested had varied performance depending on the grain weight and the configuration of the round. The average penetration ranged from 6. 1 inches to 16. 8 inches, while the average maximum temporary cavity ranged from as small as 7 cm to as large as 14 cm. The . 223 bullets fragmentation ranged from as little as 2. 4% to as high as 100%. (28) In contrast with rifle bullets, handgun bullets cause a much smaller temporary cavity, which does not usually add wounding effectiveness. Roberts Bullian 143) Part of this is because rifle rounds travel close to 3,000 feet per second and pistol bullets travel around 1,000 fps, depending on the caliber. (Roberts 28) All handgun wounds will combine the components of penetration, permanent cavity, and temporary cavity to a greater or lesser degree. Fragmentation, on the other hand, does not reliably occur in handgun wounds due to the relatively low velocities of handgun bullets. Fragmentation oc curs reliably in high velocity projectile ounds (impact velocity in excess of 2000 feet per second) inflicted by soft or hollow point bullets. In such a case, the permanent cavity is stretched so far, and so fast, that tearing and rupturing can occur in tissues surrounding the wound channel which were weakened by fragmentation damage. It can significantly increase damage in rifle bullet wounds. (Patrick) The high velocity of rifle bullets, when rapidly slowed by the body, causes the tearing and rupturing associated with the temporary cavity, especially when combined with fragmentation. Research by the military has revealed that the feature of a bullet’s interaction with soft tissue that contributes most to the severity and extent of the wound is the size of the temporary wound cavity. The size of this cavity is directly related to the amount of kinetic energy lost by a bullet in the tissue. Rifle bullets, by virtue of high velocities, possess considerably more kinetic energy than pistol bullets. The severity and extent of a wound, however, are determined not by the amount of kinetic energy possessed by the bullet but rather by the amount of this kinetic energy that is lost in the tissue. The major determinants of the amount of kinetic energy lost by a bullet in the body are (1) the kinetic energy possessed by the bullet at the time of impact with the body, (2) the shape of the bullet, (3) the angle of yaw at the time of impact, (4) any change in the presented area of the bullet in its passage through the body, (5) construction of the bullet, and (6) the biological characteristics of the tissues through which the bullet passes. (DiMaio 142) Pistol bullets, unlike rifle bullets, have insufficient velocity to cause fragmentation. DiMaio 47) â€Å"Individuals shot with high-velocity rifle bullets, whether full metal-jacketed military rounds or soft-point hunting rounds, show more severe wounds than people wounded by pistol bullets. This is especially true of [rifle] hunting ammunition. It is also true that [rifle] hunting ammunition, because it is soft-point, does fragment in the body. † (DiMaio 311) If the pistol bullets do fragment, the fragments stay very near the permanent cavity (within 1 cm), essentially reducing wounding effectiveness since the smaller main bullet will cut a smaller permanent cavity. Roberts 20) Rifle bullets break up easier than pistol bullets due to their small size and weight and the increased stress caused by the high velocity. To summarize, with handgun bullets there is essentially no fragmentation and a very small temporary cavity, which causes very little or no additional wounding so wounding effectiveness is determined simply by the size of the permanent cavity and the depth of penetration. Therefore, by going with a pistol caliber rifle, an agency does not really gain anything but better accuracy over a handgun. Shotgun slugs produce devastating wounds due to very high penetration and if that were the only factor in choosing the appropriate round, the best projectile would be a slug. But the fact is that pistol bullets and shotgun slugs and buckshot have a tendency to penetrate more than rifle bullets. Rifle bullets can produce adequate penetration, temporary cavitation, and fragmentation, so by selecting a rifle, an agency gains range, accuracy, and wounding ef- fectiveness over pistols shotguns. While Dr. Roberts’ test results are not conclusive enough select one specific cartridge (due to the limited number tested), they do demonstrate better overall performance by the . 223 caliber cartridge than pistol calibers cartridges and shotgun slugs and buckshot. Examination of more test results are needed to specify an exact cartridge for duty use. Acceptable wounding performance of the . 223 bullet is based, at least partly, on its velocity and the type of weapon (length of barrel) used. â€Å"5. 56mm/. 223 weapons require a minimum barrel length of 14. inches to optimize incapacitation potential, as 5. 56mm/. 223 weapons with barrel lengths shorter than 14. 5 inches . . . exhibit significantly decreased wounding effects and limited incapacitation potentials, similar to those produced by the 9mm pistol bullets used in handguns and SMG’s [submachine guns]. † (Roberts 24) In order to ensure fragmentation and effective wounding ability, weapons used should have a long eno ugh barrel length to produce muzzle velocities above 2,500 feet per second. Examples of weapons that meet this criterion are the Colt M-16/AR-15 and M-4/CAR-15, HK G41 and HK33, and the Ruger Mini-14. (Roberts Bullian 145) While recommending a specific weapon and specific ammunition is outside the scope of this paper, it is important to keep these factors in mind when making selections. Barrier Penetration While deep penetration in soft body tissue is desirable for wounding effectiveness (immediate physiological incapacitation), there must be a balance of enough penetration without too much. Since the selected shoulder-mounted weapon will undoubtedly be used in close quarters, such as during a high risk raid or near residences, police must try to prevent missed shots from over penetrating and striking an innocent bystander in an adjacent room or on an adjacent floor. While some police administrators select pistol calibers for their rifles to reduce the perceived over penetration liability risk with rifle calibers, there is actually an increased liability with pistol calibers when used inside structures. Handgun bullets, including rounds similar to NAPD’s duty rounds, have been shown to penetrate further through common building materials than do rifle bullets. â€Å"The fragmenting behavior of most 5. 56mm (. 223) bullets in both soft tissue and building materials, drastically limits their over penetration potential compared with that of many pistol bullets. † (Roberts Bullian 145) â€Å"As suspected based on previous testing, all of the 9mm 147 gr JHP, . 40 SW 180 gr JHP, and . 45 ACP 230 gr JHP bullets failed to expand and had very deep, excessive penetration after passing through the interior wall, due to plugging of the hollow point. With the hollow point plugged, the bullets performed nearly identical to FMJ pistol bullets† (Roberts 23) The NAPD issues Speer brand jacketed hollow point (JHP) ammunition in both 9mm 145 grain and . 45 ACP 230 grain. In tests of hollow point projectiles shot through a simulated interior wall into bare gelatin, a 1-ounce shotgun slug had an average penetration of 22. 8 inches and average maximum temporary cavity of 14. 0 cm. 12 gauge 00 buckshot had an average penetration of 23. 2 inches. Average maximum temporary cavity was not measured. A 9mm 147gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 22. 8 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 2. 0 cm. A . 45 cal 230gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 29. 7 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 3. 0 cm. (Roberts 28) In these tests, all projectiles had more penetration into gelatin (a simulation of the consistency of human soft tissue) after having penetrated a common interior wall than without penetrating a wall. As stated above, the drywall plugs the hollow point, causing it to function like a full metal jacket bullet. The . 223 bullets tested (various weights and configurations), on the other hand, had less penetration gelatin into after Interior Wall Penetration (Roberts 28) .223 Fed 55 gr. JSP . 223 Win 55 gr. FMJ . 45 cal. Win 230 gr. JHP 12 ga. Rem shotgun 1 oz. slug HPRS 12 ga. Rem 00 buckshot 9mm Fed 147 gr. JHP 0 Figure 2 penet rating the wall. interior Their 14. 4 16. 1 29. 7 22. 8 23. 2 22. 8 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 average maximum penetration from ranged 10. 6 inches to 16. 1 inches, their Avg. Penetration in Inches average maxi- mum temporary cavity ranged from 7. 0 cm to 14. 0 cm, and their fragmentation ranged from 11. 8% to 79. 5%. See figure 2. While some rounds still have sufficient penetration to cause a serious wound after penetrating an interior wall, their penetration is clearly less than that of the pistol calibers. (Roberts 28) The FBI has done extensive testing on the terminal ballistics of all kinds of bullets, however, they will not allow law enforcement agencies to share these statistics outside of their own agency. This is the reason why FBI testing is not cited here. While their bare gelatin testing results will be helpful for a future internal study of ammunition, their penetration tests may not be helpful. â€Å"Unfortunately, the testing and evaluation criteria are exactly backwards relative to law enforcement use in gunfight scenarios; the testing and assessment was designed to find ammunition that would produce substantial wound trauma after penetrating housing barriers. † (MacPherson 32) The ideal round would be one that produces incapacitating wounds when striking the intended target but would not produce substantial wound trauma after penetrating walls. . . . stray 5. 56mm/. 23 bullets seem to offer a reduced risk of injuring innocent bystanders and an inherent reduced risk of civil litigation in situations where bullets miss their intended target and enter or exit structures. 5. 56mm/. 223 caliber weapons may be safer to use in CQB situations and in crowded urban environments than 9mm, . 45 SW, or 12 ga. weapons. (Roberts 24) In a nother test conducted by the Joliet and Crest Hill, Illinois police departments, pistol ammunition, shotgun slugs and buckshot were found to stay intact after penetrating two residential walls (four pieces of drywall), while many . 223 rounds fragmented significantly. Pistol ammunition, shotgun slugs, and buckshot represent â€Å"a greater threat to citizenry and other officers than does several of the . 223 rounds tested. † (Kerr and Wilkinson 14) More testing is needed in this area to be able to select a specific round, but it is clear that pistol caliber bullets and shotgun slugs fired inside a structure during a raid, for example, penetrate more than . 223 caliber bullets. Body Armor Penetration Unlike pistol bullets, shotgun slugs, and buckshot, rifle bullets penetrate soft body armor, which is very important if officers have to confront violent offenders wearing body armor. Recall that the suspects in the LA bank robbery shootout wore body armor. In testing published in Journal of International Wound Ballistics Association, 9mm, . 40 SW, and . 45 ACP bullets plus the 12 gauge 00 buckshot pellets failed to penetrate the body armor. The shotgun slugs did penetrate some, but not all, layers of the body armor. While they did push the armor panels into the gela- tin, simulating blunt trauma injuries, the body armor did stop the slug from entering the body in every case. Unlike the pistol calibers and shotgun slugs, all . 23 bullets defeated the body armor. (Roberts 24) â€Å"As law enforcement officers increasingly confront criminals protected by soft body armor designed to defeat pistol bullets and shotgun pellets, the ability of the 5. 56mm/. 223 bullets to defeat soft body armor has become a significant factor. † (Roberts 16) To summarize, of the three types of weapons under consideration, the . 223 caliber rifle is by far the most accurate. Becaus e of this, its effective range is also superior to the other choices. In the area of wounding effectiveness, the . 23 caliber is, again, superior to the pistol calibers. The shotgun, at close ranges, is probably the most devastating firearm that there is. But pistol calibers and shotguns penetrate more through common building materials than the . 223 caliber bullet, which increases the chance that an innocent bystander could be seriously hurt by a missed round that penetrates a wall. Moreover, pistol caliber bullets and shotgun slugs and buckshot will not penetrate body armor, while . 223 caliber bullets will. Conclusion Since patrol officers are the first to respond to any life threatening criminal incident, however infrequent they may be, law enforcement agencies should arm them with a long gun of some kind. Anything less and they will not be adequately prepared to respond. The North Aurora Police Department Firearms Training Unit trains officers according to the Police Training Institute’s philosophy and methodology, which in part says the Strategic Objective of any tactical operation is to â€Å". . . diminish the potential for resistance. Should resistance occur, overcome rapidly with minimal risk. Officers are taught to â€Å". . . create and maintain a recognizable advantage . . . † (Police Training Institute) Having adequate weapons will increase the chances that responding officers can reduce the ability of the suspect to resist. If he does resist, officers will be better able to defeat his resistance quickly with the least amount of risk to themselves and others. L ong guns are more intimidating to criminals and simply deploying one may convince some offenders to give up without a fight. If they do not give up, the officers will be better prepared to defend themselves. If officers confront an armed criminal with less than adequate weapons, they give up some of their tactical advantage, thereby increasing the risk to themselves and innocent bystanders. Handguns are inadequate for some situations because of their limited effective range, limited accuracy, lesser wounding ability, and higher risk of over penetration through interior walls. The . 223 caliber rifles have less recoil, better accuracy, greater range, superior wounding ability, more favorable interior wall penetration, body armor penetration. Police agencies across the nation, including the NAPD, have been trained in rapid deployment procedures for active shooter situations such as at schools and businesses. These are necessary skills for officers to possess in society today. However, the skills and knowledge gained from these classes is not put to full use unless officers are given the correct tools for the job. Consider the differences between rifles and pistols in the context of active shooter incidents. Many schools and large businesses have long hallways, some in excess of 200 feet. For example, Jewel Middle School’s longest hallway is approximately 180 feet long (60 yards). If there were an active shooter at the end of the hall shooting at students and responding officers, a body shot against the suspect would be the minimum need. Of course, this would not immediately physiologically incapacitate the suspect—he or she could continue shooting for 10-15 seconds. How many more students or officers could be shot in this time? It would be optimal for officers to take a precise head shot and immediately end the suspect’s life threatening behavior. A pistol is incapable of making an accurate shot at that range and shooting from that far away is truly ‘spraying and praying’ for a hit. For these situations, the only effective weapon is one capable of accurate shots from at least 100 yards away. Recall the earlier cited maximum ranges: Pistol—25 yards, Shotgun with slugs—less than 50 yards, Shotgun with buckshot—30 yards, Pistol caliber rifle—50 yards, and . 223 rifle—100 yards or more. It would be tactically prudent for officers holding the perimeter of such an incident to be behind adequate cover as far away from the building as possible. Of those under consideration, the best weapon for this mission is a rifle chambered in . 223 caliber. 223 caliber rifles are available in various weights and configuration that will limit their penetration through common interior walls to reduce the chances of an innocent bystander being seriously injured in an adjacent room. Pistol caliber bullets have been shown to penetrate more in ballistic gelatin (a simulant for human soft tissue) after penetrating a common interior. While more accurate th an a pistol, pistol caliber rifles have less wounding ability than a . 223 rifle bullet. A shotgun, while superior in wounding ability, is limited in range and inferior in accuracy compared to a rifle plus it penetrates even more than pistol bullets. Think of patrol officers responding to a hostage situation where the armed suspect is holding his victim from behind and yelling, â€Å"If I can’t have her, then no one will. † Officers are only armed with pistols and it will take at least thirty minutes for a police sniper to arrive and set up. After fifteen minutes, efforts to convince him to surrender are unsuccessful as he gets increasingly agitated and officers believe that he is about to kill her when he starts raising the gun toward her head. Officers would be derelict in their duty if they did not use lethal force at that point. A headshot would be the only option to immediately incapacitate the suspect before he shoots the victim. Taking that shot with a pistol would be a lot less likely to be successful than the same shot with a rifle. A well-placed shot would likely end the situation successfully. A missed shot could result in the tragedy of the victim being killed, either by the suspect or by the police. Granted, a situation like this is unlikely in any town, but the police should still be adequately prepared to respond. Because of the totality of the information available, it is this author’s recommendation for the North Aurora Police Department to adopt . 23 ammunition for patrol rifle use. For those concerned about incurring additional liability, consider this: â€Å"As John Hall of the FBI pointed out in his series of articles in the FBI Journal, a firearms training program that addresses legal, practical and policy considerations will likely win in court. † (Chudwin 15) Further investi gation of specific . 223 rounds in various weights and configurations should be done to examine more closely their performance in both desired penetration (shooting through barriers at a suspect behind cover) situations as well as limited penetration (inside structures). If this does not produce clear enough data to make an informed choice, then the Department should conduct gelatin testing before selecting official ammunition. Rifle bullets, including the . 223 is not the magic bullet (pardon the pun) that works perfectly in all applications. But certain weights and configurations perform well in their intended missions and can be deployed based on the situation. Ballistic testing must be done with each of the various cartridge configurations (i. e. full metal jacket, hollow point, soft point, etc. ) in order to auge their effectiveness for the given application. This testing can usually be arranged through the Illinois Tactical Officers Association or various ammunition manufacturers for free or at a very low cost. In closing, Chief Chudwin’s comments sum up the need for a patrol rifle program the best: In conclusion, establishing a rifle/carbine program is a positive approach to meet needed officer survival and public safety demands. From r ural America to the big cities, law enforcement officers have faced violent, heavily armed offenders. Let history be our guide. There is a proven need for the rifle/carbine as a patrol weapon. These firearms, in the hands of select well-trained officers, are a line of defense against the ultimate predators. (20) Works Cited Bollig, Tim. â€Å"Structural Penetration Testing. † San Diego County Sheriff’s Department report, Jan. 2000. Rpt. in Patrol Rifle. CD-ROM. Sept. 2002 version. Doylestown, PA: National Tactical Officers Association. Chudwin, Jeff. â€Å"Establishing a Police Rifle/Carbine Program. † The Tactical Edge Winter 1999: 15-20. Class survey. School of Police Staff and Command class #175 (Naperville, IL). Northwestern University Center for Public Safety. 15 Nov. 2002. DiMaio, Vincent J. M. Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques. Boca Raton: CRC, 1993. Elbow, Steven. â€Å"Military Muscle Comes to Mayberry† Capitol Times 18 Aug. 2001: 5A. Fackler, Martin L. â€Å"Perspectives on the . 223 Remington. † Journal of the International Wound Ballistics Association. Vol. 3. 4 (19xx): 27. Holden, Richard N. Modern Police Management. Englewood Cliffs: Prentiss Hall, 1994 Kerr, Patrick, and Wilkerson, Dwayne. â€Å"The . 223 Remington Cartridge in an Urban Environment. † ITOA News Fall 1997: 10 Lesce, Tony. â€Å"The Police Carbine. † Law and Order Apr. 2001: 27. MacPherson, Duncan. â€Å". 223 Ammunition for Law Enforcement. † Journal of the International Wound Ballistics Association Vol. 3. 2 (19xx): 30-33. Mijares, Tomas C. , Ronald M. McCarthy, and David B. Perkins. The Management of Police Specialized Tactical Units. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 2000. Parker, Robert W. â€Å"Police Rifles. † Omaha, Nebraska Police Department memorandum, 26 Mar. 1997. Rpt. in Patrol Rifle. CD-ROM. Sept. 2002 version. Doylestown, PA: National Tactical Officers Association. Patrick, Urey W. â€Å"Handgun Wounding Factors and Effectiveness. † U. S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Washington: 1989. 31 Oct. 2002 . Roberts, Gary K, and Bullian, Michael E. â€Å"Comparison of the Wound Ballistic Potential of 9mm vs. 5. 56mm (. 223) Cartridges for Law Enforcement Entry Applications. † Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal Vol. 25. 2 (1993): 142-148. Appendix A Patrol Rifle survey Please fill in as much information as you know return to Scott Buziecki. ) Department name ____________________________________ 2) Does your department allow patrol officers to carry any long guns in their pat How to cite Patrol Rifles: Arming Officers to Succeed, Essay examples

Important Function of Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.What course of action would you recommend to the CEO in the first hospital as a way to improve the operation of HRM at the hospital? 2.What are the key features of building a sustainable HR capability? Answers: Introduction Managing human resource is the most important function of management where a manager has to perform in relation to the employee. Managing human resources is not limited to Planning and allocation of resources but to provide with a direction, vision and goals. The aim of this report is to provide with recommendation pertaining to both the organizations in terms of Human Resource Management (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). One of the organizations is facing critical issues due to poor HRM policies whereas the other hospital is working smoothly due to effective HRM policies. In order to gain a competitive advantage it is evident for the business hospital to derive an appropriate Human resource functions. These functions will help in managing the hospital in a systematic way. There are multi-fold issues in the previous hospital due to ineffective policies. The report provides with recommendations in order to deal with the serious HRM issues. Critical issues faced by the management while dealin g with the issues needs to be managed in an efficient way (Bloom Van Reenen, 2011). 1.Course of Action to improve HRM function In order to improve the human resource function it is evident to start as a one-man show. It is suggested to establish a separate HR department to deal with the issues. There is no separate HRM department in the hospital. All the functions of a HR manager have to be taken by the CEO and his finance manager. This is causing disruption in concentrating on the job. Both the CEO and finance manager are unable to concentrate on their individual function. The middle level manager is not versed with the function of HRM. It is causing a lot of disturbances in the organization resulting in high level of staff grievances, absenteeism and turnover, and staff shortages. By creating a separate HR department the core problems can be resolved easily. This will help in gaining employees trust and will gradually reduce the issues that are been faced in the present scenario. It is important for management to organize an effective HR Policies in order to organize supportive activities (Hamel, 2008). By Hiring an HR manager In order to manage the hospital the HR function it is evident to hire a full-time manager. An HR generalist has to develop an effective framework by making improvement. By adding a HR generalist it will be easier for the employees to get their query resolved. Potential long-term benefits include a decrease in the employee turnover and an increase in profitability (Harzing Pinnington, 2010). As a Cost saving technique HR contributes towards cost savings. He has to implement HR Strategy to support the organization in meeting the goals. In this way the hospital can control excessive absenteeism. The huge unnecessary expenditure can be reduced by appointing an HR to keep a regular and continuous check over the expenses (Chen Huang, 2009). Retrieving performance The HR manager thereby helps in managing performance in different ways. The business performance can be improved by implementing an integrated performance management system. Work more efficiently and are given a fair reason for dismissal. The HR can work with management to make sure that whichever of these procedures are properly implemented (Bratton Gold, 2012). Providing with guidance into employee legislation Employee legislations are changing constantly and it requires an individual to look after the changes. HR will ensure that the policies are very-well implemented and are communicated in a well defined way. Helping in managing the staff in a fair manner It is important for managing the organization in a well-defined way. HR has a responsibility to deal with the problem an organization is dealing with. A good manager has to deal with the multiple problems taking place in the Hospital. Its the responsibility of the manager to deal with the problems occurring in the organization by designating an effective plan and procedure. This will help in managing the situation in the most appropriate way. The HR actions offer much desirable direction that will help an HR to interpret the result in a most efficient way (Heery Noon, 2008). This plan will help in measuring the outcome by applying the above mentioned HRM Model. This has been a significant challenge in stipulations of inconsistent application of HR policies and practices by middle level management. This has been the major reason for industrial disputation, high level of staff grievances, absenteeism and turnover, and employees shortages. All these policies and procedure will help in meeting the challenges has led to challenges for the quality of care and even serious accidents involving patients and staff (Marchington, et al 2016). 2.Key features of building a sustainable HR capability One of the significant shifts in the evolution of the HR practice is an increase in the personnel management. This includes organizational effectiveness and capabilities in order to develop a diversified working environment. An increase in the development of HR capabilities is an essential parameter for gaining results. Over the year Globalization and technology development has caused dramatic changes in the organization over the year. The Focus over the Corporate Social Responsibilities is causing a huge pressure of competitiveness and flexibility. The importance of sustainability in HRM practice is to consider the two factors: the importance of managing people and the notion of sustainability. Human Resource is been identified as one of the most important factor in order to draw efficient results. HR been influenced by resource based views. These capabilities are incorporated in a well-defined way by organizing an individual effort. Sustainability is considered as an important pers pective in order to analyse the implications. The key focus is regarding recruitment and retention of top talent, developing critical competency and motivation. The changing trends in organizational environment are to promote motivation, incentives for outstanding performance, employability, enduring education, demographic trends, aging workforces, employee health etc (Smith, 2014). For both the organization sustainable development is important in order to manage competing demands. The organizations are facing issues in order to ensure longevity and competing demand. For ensuring organizational growth it is important to manage current employees. The efficiency of the human resource can only be managed if the HR manager takes due advantage. It will be disadvantageous for an organisation to survive and be successful in the long run without a proper HRM plan. In order to gain effectiveness it is necessary to manage existing employees and to uphold a robust access to future employees. The concept of sustainability in the present case will help in meeting critical and strategic potential for Human Resource Management. The organization has to deal with majority of issues in order to meet the HRM issues in the most appropriate way. The purpose is to arrange the functions by organizing the different aspects related to the different issues. Both the organizations have to overcome the issue of an effective human resource functions and activities. This enables an individual to maintain effectiveness with a long term prospect. The utmost contributions by the HR function for managing sustainability and effectiveness are important in the field of leadership development, training and development and diversity. Momentous contributions in areas of efficacy are seen across the companies in order to manage talent and workforce engagement. Conclusion To conclude, it is evident for the organization to develop effective HR role. The report includes the effective HRM functions in an organization undergoing serious issue. In the given case study the problem is related to non-availability of a separate HRM department. An effective HRM function is mandatory for gaining long-term effective results. It is however necessary for managing recruitment and retention of top talent, developing critical competency and motivation. The purpose is to ensure effectiveness and purposefulness to meet the issues faced by the organization References Armstrong, M. Taylor, S.,(2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bloom, N. Van Reenen, J., 2011. Human resource management productivity.Handbook of labor economics,4, pp.1697-1767. Bratton, J. Gold, J., 2012.Human resource management: theory practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Chen, C.J. Huang, J.W., 2009. Strategic human resource practices innovation performanceThe mediating role of knowledge management capacity.Journal of business research,62(1), pp.104-114. Dessler, G., 2009.A framework for human resource management. Pearson Education India. Hamel, G., 2008. The future of management.Human Resource Management International Digest,16(6). Harzing, A.W. Pinnington, A. eds., 2010.International human resource management. Sage. Heery, E. Noon, M., 2008.A dictionary of human resource management. OUP Oxford. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R. Kynighou, A., 2016.Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Smith, L. G. (2014).Impact assessmen

Mark Dotys Souls on Ice Individuality and Commonness free essay sample

Souls on Ice Individuality and commonness are but one of two things. Although, these two are expressed in different ways, so Mark Doty implies in his essay and poem Souls on Ice. The essay can be seen as the progression of Dotys epiphany about himself as a person, which is idealistically described in his poem. Doty begins his essay by recounting a time in a Stop N Shop in which he was star struck by the beauty and luminosity of a stack of mackerels. Metaphors are used to describe the event and are also claimed to be what makes us as an individual person. Upon Dotys gaze at the ackerels, metaphors served as his thinking which he knew were unique and his very own. Moreover, descriptions formulated about the fishes brought Doty to the realization of what he perceives reflects his own psychic state, but can easily be mistaken for neutral thinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Mark Dotys Souls on Ice: Individuality and Commonness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Soul, heaven were put in the poem for the sole purpose of yielding depth. These two words engaged Doty to argue whether or not he, or you, could lose oneself entirely in the universe / of shimmer. Now, it is important to note that he did not distinguish between each mackerel, but instead saw them as a whole, hence why he questions what it means to be a self. After realizing the poems subject-beneath-the-subject, it is then he decides what it means to be a self. Doty explains how even though the mackerels were dead; they still seemed to live on through the very essence they gave off as a whole. Thus, stating that the moral of the essay and story are the limits of me are our hardest lesson, but the idea of commonness is nonetheless consoling to his death. For our glory is not our individuality but our commonness. Doty did not like the idea and message behind this, but still embraced it, for our world is too complicated to settle only with ones self.

Tale of Troy or Iliad - The Story Behind the Trojan War

Tale of Troy or Iliad - The Story Behind the Trojan War During the time when gods were petty and cruel, three of the leading goddesses had a contest to determine who was most beautiful. They contended for the prize of Eris golden apple, an apple no less dangerous than the one in the story of Snow White, despite its lack of consumable poison. To make the contest objective, the goddesses hired a human judge, Paris (also called Alexander), son of the Eastern potentate, Priam of Troy. Since Paris was to be paid according to the largesse of the winner, the contest was really to see who provided the most attractive incentive. Aphrodite won hands down, but the prize she offered was the wife of another man. Paris, after seducing Helen while a guest in the palace of her husband, King Menelaus of Sparta, went blithely on his way back to Troy with Helen. This abduction and violation of all rules of hospitality launched 1000 (Greek) ships to bring Helen back to Menelaus. Meanwhile, King Agamemnon of Mycenae, summoned the tribal kings from all over Greece to come to the aid of his cuckolded brother. Two of his best men one a strategist and the other a great warrior were Odysseus (aka Ulysses) of Ithaca, who would later come up with the idea of the Trojan Horse, and Achilles of Phthia, who may have married Helen in the Afterlife. Neither of these men wanted to join the fray; so they each devised a draft-dodging ruse worthy of M.A.S.H.s Klinger. Odysseus feigned madness by plowing his field destructively, perhaps with mismatched draft animals, perhaps with salt (a powerful destructive agent used according to legend at least one other time by the Romans on Carthage). Agamemnons messenger placed Telemachus, Odysseus infant son, on the path of the plough. When Odysseus swerved to avoid killing him, he was recognized as sane. Achilles with blame for cowardice conveniently laid at the feet of his mother, Thetis was made to look like and live with the maidens. Odysseus tricked him with the lure of a peddlers bag of trinkets. All the other maidens reached for the ornaments, but Achilles grabbed the sword stuck in their midst. The Greek (Achaean) leaders met together at Aulis where they awaited Agamemnons command to set sail. When an inordinate amount of time had passed and the winds still remained unfavorable, Agamemnon sought the services of Calchas the seer. Calchas told him that Artemis was angry with Agamemnon perhaps because he had promised her his finest sheep as a sacrifice to the goddess, but when the time came to sacrifice a golden sheep, he had, instead, substituted an ordinary one and to appease her, Agamemnon must sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia .... Upon the death of Iphigenia, the winds became favorable and the fleet set sail. Â   Trojan War FAQs [Summary: The head of the Greek forces was the proud king Agamemnon. He had killed his own daughter, Iphigenia, in order to appease the goddess Artemis (big sister of Apollo, and one of the children of Zeus and Leto), who was angry with Agamemnon and so, had stalled the Greek forces on the coast, at Aulis. In order to set sail for Troy they needed a favorable wind, but Artemis ensured the winds would fail to cooperate until Agamemnon had satisfied her by performing the required sacrifice of his own daughter. Once Artemis was satisfied, the Greeks set sail for Troy where to fight the Trojan War.] Agamemnon did not stay in the good graces of either of the children of Leto for long. He soon incurred the wrath of her son, Apollo. In revenge, Apollo the mouse god caused an outbreak of plague to lay the troops low. Agamemnon and Achilles had received the young women Chryseis and Briseis as prizes of war or war brides. Chryseis was the daughter of Chryses, who was a priest of Apollo. Chryses wanted his daughter back and even offered a ransom, but Agamemnon refused. Calchas the seer advised Agamemnon on the connection between his behavior toward the priest of Apollo and the plague that was decimating his army. Agamemnon had to return Chryseis to the priest of Apollo if he wanted the plague to end. After much Greek suffering, Agamemnon agreed to the recommendation of Calchas the seer, but only on condition that he take possession of the war prize of Achilles Briseis as a replacement. A minor point to think about: When Agamemnon had sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia, he hadnt required his fellow Greek aristocrats to give him a new daughter. No one could stop Agamemnon. Achilles was enraged. The honor of the leader of the Greeks, Agamemnon, had been assuaged, but what about the honor of the greatest of the Greek heroes Achilles? Following the dictates of his own conscience, Achilles could no longer cooperate, so he withdrew his troops (the Myrmidons) and sat on the sidelines. With the help of fickle gods, the Trojans began to inflict heavy personal damages on the Greeks, as Achilles and the Myrmidons sat on the sidelines. Patroclus, Achilles friend (or lover), persuaded Achilles that his Myrmidons would make the difference in the battle, so Achilles let Patroclus take his men as well as Achilles personal armor so that Patroclus would appear to be Achilles in the battlefield. It worked, but since Patroclus was not so great a warrior as Achilles, Prince Hector, the noble son of Trojan King Priam, struck Patroclus down. What even Patroclus words had failed to do, Hector accomplished. The death of Patroclus spurred Achilles into action and armed with a new shield forged by Hephaestus, the blacksmith of the gods (as a favor for Achilles sea goddess mother Thetis) Achilles went into battle. Achilles soon avenged himself. After killing Hector, he tied the body to the back of his war chariot, The grief-maddened Achilles then dragged Hectors corpse through the sand and dirt for days. In time, Achilles calmed down and returned the corpse of Hector to his grieving father. In a later battle, Achilles was killed by an arrow to the one part of his body Thetis had held when she had dipped the baby Achilles into the River Styx to confer immortality. With Achilles death, the Greeks lost their greatest fighter, but they still had their best weapon. [Summary: The greatest of the Greek heroes Achilles was dead. The 10-year Trojan War, which had begun when the Greeks set sail to retrieve Menelaus wife, Helen, form the Trojans, was at a stalemate.] Crafty Odysseus devised a plan that ultimately doomed the Trojans. Sending all the Greek ships away or into hiding, it appeared to the Trojans that the Greeks had given up. The Greeks left a parting gift in front of the walls of the city of Troy. it was a giant wooden horse which appeared to be an offering to Athena a peace offering. The jubilant Trojans dragged the monstrous, wheeled, wooden horse into their city to celebrate the end of the 10 years of fighting. Who Really Built the Trojan Horse?What Is the Trojan Horse? But beware of Greeks bearing gifts! Having won the war, the filicidal King Agamemnon went back to his wife for the reward he so richly deserved. Ajax, who had lost out to Odysseus in the contest for Achilles arms, went crazy and killed himself. Odysseus set out on the voyage (Homer, according to tradition, tells in The Odyssey, which is the sequel to The Iliad) that made him more famous than his help with Troy. And Aphrodites son, the Trojan hero Aeneas, set out from his burning homeland carrying his father on his shoulders on his way to Dido, in Carthage, and, finally, to the land that was to become Rome. Were Helen and Menelaus reconciled? According to Odysseus they were, but thats part of a future story.

Bartleby The Scrivener A Strange Rlationship

Essay, Research Paper The Webster # 8217 ; s New World Dictionary defines # 8220 ; folie a deux # 8221 ; as # 8220 ; A status in which symptoms of a mental upset, such as false beliefs or thoughts, occur at the same time in two persons who portion a stopping point relationship or association. # 8221 ; ( 231 ) In Melville # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Bartleby, the Scrivener # 8221 ; this construct of co-occuring distinctive feature, or compulsion is demonstrated rather vividly throughout three different phases. The first, Bartleby # 8217 ; s firm preoccupation with his employment, followed by his determination to make no work whatsoever, and eventually Bartleby # 8217 ; s finding to carry through nil at all, non even partaking of the basic maps required to prolong life. During each of these stages, Bartleby # 8217 ; s actions are met with limited attempts on the portion of the narrating attorney, who endeavors to # 8216 ; aid # 8217 ; his uneven employee. It is this interaction which poses the inquiry of how much duty a homo should hold for his or her fellow adult male. Bartleby # 8217 ; s focal point base on ballss through three chief phases before his decease, the first of which is his compulsion with executing a individual action to the exclusion of everything else. Initially, Bartleby works twenty-four hours and dark, # 8220 ; as if famished for something to copy. # 8221 ; ( Melville paragraph 18 ) His end, it seems, is to single-mindedly to carry through every bit much copying as is humanly possible. The first few efforts on the portion of the storyteller to state Bartleby to make something else, no affair how moderate the undertaking, are met with the simple refusal, # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; d prefer non to. # 8221 ; ( Melville paragraph 21 ) The storyteller moderately chooses non to penalize this insubordination because of both the quality, and the measure of Bartleby # 8217 ; s regular work. After a series of petitions from the storyteller that all terminal in disobedience, Bartleby shifts his focal point from the intensive copying of paperss to merely making nil at all. This, of class, is a sort of compulsion that is non acceptable in the modern work force, and can non practicably be tolerated by the storyteller. As the agent of penalty, the storyteller is at this point stuck with doing the determination to either sympathize with Bartleby, or lose his professional reputati on. In a concluding effort to unclutter his scruples, the attorney suggestions both alternate employment options, and impermanent lodging agreements. Once once more, all attempts on the portion of the storyteller to offer echt aid are rebuffed, and the storyteller at last â€Å"proposes to take his offices next week†¦.† ( Melville paragraph173 ) In this move he attempts to free himself of the nuisance that Bartleby has become. The concluding phase in Bartleby # 8217 ; s life begins when the character is shipped off to prison. When he is placed in parturiency, Bartleby takes his former inactive life to the following extreme. Despite the excess attention supplied by the storyteller # 8217 ; s money, Bartleby is found, starved to decease, # 8220 ; queerly huddled at the base of the wall, his articulatio genuss drawn up, and lying on his side, his caput touching the cold rocks # 8230 ; . # 8221 ; ( Melville paragraph 245 ) While the storyteller # 8217 ; s restricted efforts could be viewed as a echt attempt to demo compassion to Bartleby, as the storyteller most likely assured himself, they were for the most portion half hearted efforts offered, unhappily, excessively tardily. Throughout the narrative, when Bartleby refuses to proofread his work, or simply stands for hours on terminal looking blankly at the brick wall, the storyteller does nil except seek statements from his other employees that Bartleby # 8217 ; s behaviour is neither normal, nor even tolerable. The storyteller takes no effectual action, but alternatively participates in a few long-winded conversations and so moves his office in an attempt to avoid the job wholly. The interplay between the two chief characters of Bartleby and the storyteller serves to exemplify the point that one # 8217 ; s single duty to one # 8217 ; s equals can non be undertaken lightly or merely when convenient. The three phases of Bartleby # 8217 ; s curious behaviour are matched by the storyteller # 8217 ; s assorted tepid offers of aid, which in regular society would be besides regarded as selfish, bizarre indulgences, and chiefly function to pacify the attorney # 8217 ; s scruples. The thought of # 8220 ; folie a deux # 8221 ; is good displayed within the oddnesss of these two work forces, and provides a alone position from which to understand Melville # 8217 ; s authoritative short narrative.

Niketown as an Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

Niketown as an Experience - Essay Example As part of this swing toward making everything an aspect of the brand, companies were beginning to recognize the power of the building to promote the brand itself. One of the companies to key into this idea early was The Body Shop, which expanded by as many as 50 stores per year beginning in 1988, even during the years of the recession. â€Å"Most baffling of all to Wall Street, it pulled off the expansion without spending a dime on advertising. Who needed billboards and magazine ads when retail outlets were three-dimensional advertisements for an ethical and ecological approach to cosmetics? The Body Shop was all brand.†2 Another company to quickly realize the potential of focusing completely on developing the idea of brand was Nike. Despite the potential for long-term payoffs, there has often been difficulty in getting business executives typically focused on the current ‘bottom line’ to understand the significant assets architecture and design can be in developing the corporate brand, which, in turn, works to establish the company’s ultimate success. â€Å"While statistical analysis and econometric techniques have been used to evaluate the trade-offs between alternatives, features and prices for products, there has not been a tool to inform the design process of architecture, environmental graphic design and the built environment. However, the ‘fixed assets’ of built environments, especially those of retail and consumer service sectors, are integrally linked to brand identity and equity.†3 The executives at Nike, though, did their homework and revolutionized the architecture/design/brand connection to such an extent that it becomes difficult to draw the line between reta il outlet, entertainment venue and museum.   

Advertising Signals Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advertising Signals - Coursework Example There is a lot of information that is being provided to the viewers of the ad through one single advertisement. At first glance, the viewers might say that a very low amount of information is being provided through this advertisement. Those who are in favour of such adverts might defend advertisements and state that all advertisements have some kind of information and even the most poorly constructed advertisements have some information about the quality of the product being advertised. Advertisements are very important signals about the quality of the product, an advertisement that costs really high provides clear information to the consumers that the product being advertised is of very high quality and that is why so much money is being spend on advertising the product. Body An Example of how advertisement signals quality: Two companies, company A and company B, selling cereal has developed and launched their own cereals for breakfast and they plan to sell it for $5 per container o f cereal. Considering that the marginal cost incurred by both the cereal producers is $0, this means that each container of cereal sold by these companies will earn them $5 in profit.

Effects of Drug Use during Pregnancy on Children Essay Example for Free

Effects of Drug Use during Pregnancy on Children Essay Being pregnant means more than just carrying a child in uteri for nine months. Pregnant women must watch what they put into their bodies because it will directly affect the life of their unborn child. Unborn children are totally helpless to their mothers’ actions and totally dependent on everything they do. All pregnant women need to be aware of the consequences of using drugs during pregnancy; drugs such as, cocaine, heroin, cigarettes, methamphetamine, and marijuana. All drugs illegal or not could have critical and long lasting effects on children throughout their whole life. What are drugs? Drugs are chemicals that can make you change the way the body works. Some drugs are worse than others but no matter which one used, during pregnancy all drugs have dreadful effects on the unborn child. The drugs cocaine, heroin, tobacco/cigarettes, methamphetamines and marijuana can affect children in different ways; however, they all should be avoided during pregnancy. Mothers need to think about their unborn child and the adverse effects using drugs will have on them not only as infants but as young children and young adults as well. Cocaine is a strongly addictive stimulant that directly affects the brain. Cocaine is one of the oldest drugs known to this day (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). There is no safe amount of cocaine for a woman who is pregnant because any cocaine taken will transfer to the baby as well (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Heroine is also a highly addictive drug and it is the most abused and fast acting of the opiate group. Heroine, processed from morphine, is derived from certain poppy plants. Heroin will cross over to the baby through the placenta and cause an unborn baby to be dependent on the drug. Tobacco/cigarettes are a non illicit drug and the most common drug used among pregnant woman. Tobacco products have been linked to low birth weight and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Methamphetamines are highly addictive substances with powerful central nervous system stimulant properties (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Methamphetamines are considered a major drug of abuse and can cause low birth weight, miscarriages and could lead to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug in America today. Women who use marijuana on a daily basis will operate at subliminal levels because it directly affects the way the brain works. When using marijuana during pregnancy the mother is more likely to have a miscarriage or a low birth weight baby. No matter which drug the mother is using it can be detrimental to the unborn baby’s health and should be avoided. Using drugs during pregnancy not only affects the baby a birth but it can affect that child for the rest of his/her life. The child can experience many difficulties in when he/she goes to school as well. Each drug is different and affects children differently. Cocaine may cause drug dependency and withdrawal symptoms at birth, as well physical and me ntal problems, especially if the mother used cocaine during the first three months of pregnancy. There is a higher risk of hypertension, heart problems, developmental retardation and learning difficulties (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). It has been reported that prenatal cocaine exposure is linked to cognitive and neuropsychological development and school functioning in 6 to 8 year olds (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). A baby who has been exposed to prenatal cocaine use by the mother is more likely to be irritable, jittery and have an irregular sleeping pattern, visual problems and problems with sensory stimulation (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). During pregnancy cocaine crosses into the placenta and enters the baby’s blood circulation and will stay in the blood longer than it will the mother (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Using cocaine during pregnancy increases the risk of having a miscarriage in the early stages of pregnancy. During the later part of pregnancy, using cocaine can cause placental abruption which could lead to severe bleeding, preterm birth and death of the unborn baby (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Also babies who are exposed to cocaine during the later part of pregnancy may experience a dependence of the drug and may be required to be weaned off the drug at birth because the child can experience withdrawal symptoms (Joan Keegana, 2010). Symptoms include tremors, sleeplessness, muscle spasms, and feeding problems for the infant. Prenatal cocaine exposure has also been linked to behavior problems among the children in school, and aggression and shoddier attention and processing skills (Delaney-Black, 2010). For children of prenatal cocaine exposure life can be difficult, struggling in school at an early age may detour that child from continuing school when they are older to achieve his/her diploma. Also the children will have all sorts of behavior issues in school. Compared to children with no cocaine exposure, children who were exposed to cocaine had drastically more mother and teacher behavior problems throughout early elementary school (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). Children of older women who used cocaine during pregnancy also experienced more difficulties in school than children born to younger mothers who used cocaine (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). Children who are exposed to cocaine prenatally were also linked to be affected by weight and height, meaning children were smaller in weight and height categories compared to their peers. Cocaine is a very powerful drug and should not be used at all and more importantly should not be used during pregnancy. Cocaine use during pregnancy could be fatal for the unborn child and does not give him/her a fair chance at life. A pregnant woman needs to think about her unborn child before she does cocaine because her child could potentially have multiple problems in school and in life. The most important reason for a woman not to use cocaine during pregnancy is it could kill an unborn child. Heroine is classified as an opiate and travels the fastest of any drug into the baby’s blood stream when the mothe r is pregnant and used it (Joan Keegana, 2010). Like cocaine heroin is also very addictive and the baby once born can become dependent on this drug and have to be weaned off of it (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Using heroin while pregnant can affect fetal development. Heroin use has been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and premature birth, and babies may be born smaller than average and may be prone to illness (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). The substances that are cut with heroin may also cause problems during the pregnancy and affect the developing fetus. Injecting heroin can increase the risk of both the mother and baby becoming infected with blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis and HIV (Joan Keegana, 2010). Pregnant women who want to stop taking heroin need to be very careful. Sudden withdrawal from heroin may harm the baby and increase the risk of miscarriage, premature birth and stillbirth (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). If a mother continues to use heroin while breastfeeding, it is possible that the drug will be present in her milk and may have adverse effects on the baby. Babies of mothers who use heroin will have some long-term effects. Some children at three to six years of age children whose mothers were addicted to heroin were lower in weight and height compared to the other children whose mothers did not use heroin, and impaired in behavioral, perceptual and organizational abilities. Babies born with low birth weight have been shown to have many difficulties later in life such as, language learning disabilities, behavior problems, and children are more likely to be rejected by peers and performance in school may suffer and the children may need special education courses. Heroin is a very bad drug to be addicted too, not only because of the risks it presents on the person using it, but because it has an added risk of HIV because of all the needle sharing. Using heroin or any opiate should be avoided at all time for children’s sake. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy affects development of a babys, brain, spinal cord, heart and kidneys (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Methamphetamine use during pregnancy may result in prenatal complications, like premature delivery and birth deformities. High doses of the drug may cause a babys blood pressure to rise rapidly, leading them to suffer strokes or brain hemorrhages before birth (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). Methamphetamine-exposed babies may experience gastroschisis and other problems with the development of their intestines (National Institutes on Drug Abuse, 2009). As a result of methamphetamine use by their mothers, some babies may suffer developmental and skele tal abnormalities and some babies are born without parts of their arms or legs (Joan Keegana, 2010). Because methamphetamine affects transmitters in the brain, babies often experience sleep disturbances and altered behavioral patterns (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). These babies have been described as irritable babies. Full-term babies born to mothers who use methamphetamine will likely have difficulty sucking and swallowing, much like premature babies. Often babies born to meth-addicted women cannot tolerate stimuli such as human touch and light. These babies often display tremors and coordination problems (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Babies whose mothers used methamphetamine during pregnancy may experience learning disabilities, growth and developmental delays (Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy, 2008). The effects of methamphetamine use on brain development may last for many years. School-aged children whose mothers used methamphetamine while pregnant are more likely to be hyperactive or to have attention deficit disor ders, learning disabilities and unprovoked fits of anger (Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy, 2008). When pregnant women use marijuana it crosses into the baby through the placenta. Marijuana contains toxins that keep the baby from getting the proper amount oxygen that the baby needs in order to grow normally (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Marijuana use during pregnancy is one of the lesser bad drugs; however, it could still pose detrimental problems on the growing fetus (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Babies born to women who used marijuana during their pregnancy display altered responses to visual stimulation, increased tremors, and a high-pitched cry, which could indicate problems with nervous system development (Joan Keegana, 2010). During preschool and early school years, children who have been exposed to marijuana have been reported to have more behavioral problems and difficulties with sustained attention and memory than children who were not exposed (Joan Keegana, 2010). Because some parts of the brain continue to develop into adolescence, it is also possible that certain kinds of problems will become more evident as the child matures (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Pregnant women should not to use any drugs because they might harm the growing fetus. Although one animal study has linked marijuana use to loss of the fetus very early in pregnancy, two studies in humans found no association between marijuana use and early pregnancy loss (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). Regardless of the situation, mothers should not smoke marijuana because of the possibilities of it causing harm of the baby. Tobacco is the most commonly drug used among women who are pregnant because the quit rate is surprisingly low. Only twenty percent of woman who smoke will quit smoking completely during their pregnancy (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). Women who are heavy smokers are less likely to quit as well. Smoking during pregnancy can cause premature birth and can cause the baby to be little. Smoking while pregnant is also linked to placenta previa, placenta abruption and sudden infant death syndrome (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). While smoking tobacco has long been linked to poor growth in a fetus and other short-term effects, it also has long-term effects on a baby whose mother smoked during the pregnancy. Only about twenty percent of women smokers who become pregnant quit (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). With all of the health effects that tobacco can have on both baby and mother, pregnant women who smoke are advised to try and quit for their own health and the health of their child (Miles, 2009). Children born to mothers who smoke tobacco tend to be more impulsive and have more trouble learning and developing. Infants whose mothers smoked while they were in the pregnant are more likely to exhibit lower scores on mental tests at age one and to have lower grades overall during the school years than children whose mothers who did not use tobacco (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). The risk of a learning disability, such as dyslexia, rises twenty-five percent in children whose mothers smoked a pack or more of cigarettes a day. Babies born to smokers may also have lifelong birth defects that impede mental development, such as cerebral palsy or mental retardation (Miles, 2009). Those whose mothers smoked moderately or heavily during pregnancy were over four times as likely to develop type two diabetes; also called adult onset diabetes, before the age of 33, which is considered an early age for developing this type of diabetes. The children of mothers who smoke are also more likely to become obese later in life. There is also a link between fetal exposure to tobacco smoke and future risk of cardiovascular disease (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). Children who were exposed to tobacco smoke as a fetus are more likely to develop hypertension, or high blood pressure, than the children of women who did not smoke during pregnancy (Miles, 2009). This increase was originally thought to be correlated to the low birth weight typical of babies whose moms smoked during pregnancy, but when compared with children of similar birth weight, the smokers children had higher blood pressure at ages five and six than other kids. Mothers who smoke tobacco while pregnant may also affect their babys brain in ways that last a lifetime. These children are more likely to engage in criminal behavior and to abuse drugs than the children of women who did not smoke while pregnant (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Overall, mothers who are pregnant should not use any type of drug from illicit to non illicit because they can all have detrimental consequences on the growing baby, not just in the womb but later in life as well. Work Cited * Barbara L. Thompson, P. L. (2009). Prenatal exposure to drugs: effects on brain development and implications for policy and education. National Institutes of Health , 10 (4), 303-312. * Delaney-Black, V. (2010). Prenatal and Postnatal cocaine exposure predict teen cocaine use. Neurotoxicology and Teratology , 110-119. * Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy. (2011). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from The Good Drugs Guide: www.thegooddrugsguide.com * Gale A. Richardson, L. G. (2010). Prenatal cocaine exposure: Effects on mother-and teacher-rated behavior problems and growth in school-age children. Neurotoxicology and Teratology , 69-77. * Joan Keegana, M. P. (2010). Addiction in Pregnancy. Journal of Addictive Diseases , 29 (2), 175-191. * Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy. (2008, October). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from North Dakota Department of Health: www.nddh.com * Miles, M. (2009). Challenges for midwives: pregnant women and illicit drug use. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing , 28 (1), 83-90. * National Institutes on Drug Abuse. (2009). Retrieved May 18, 2011, from National Institutes of Health: www.nida.nih.gov * Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy. (2008, October). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from American Pregnancy Association: www.americanpregnancyassociation.org * Vanessa E Murphy, V. L. (2010). The effect of cigarette smoking on asthma control during exacerbations in pregnant women. Thorax , 739-744.