Assessment of the Future Financial Health of the Company Essay

An assessment of the long term financial health of the firm is an important task for outsiders like chartered accountants, creditors, borrowers, banks, financial institutions, public and shareholders considering the extension of credit and for insiders in their formulation of strategy. History abounds with examples of firms that embarked upon properly ambitious programs and subsequently discovered that their portfolio of programs could not be financed on acceptable terms. The outcome frequently was the abandonment of programs in mid stream at considerable financial and organizational cost to the company, its vendors, its employees, and/or its creditors. A necessary first step in the evaluation of a firm’s financial health is the development of a comprehensive series of questions. It is possible to calculate a multitude of ratios, but unless they relate to specific questions and concerns, their usefulness will be minimal. Furthermore, unless one starts with a clear understanding of the right questions, one’s analysis will inevitably be determined by whatever information readily available. The following represents some of the questions that seem important in assessing the future financial health of the company. The key issue is whether or not the company’s goals, strategy, investment requirements and financing capabilities are in balance. 1. Will the company need to raise additional finance over the next year/over the next three to five years to carry out strategically important programs? 2. What are the management’s goals of the company? How does it plans to reach these goals? What investments must be made in working capital and in plant and equipment to support the programs? 3. Will the company be a generator of excess cash, or will it be a consumer of cash? How important is its future access to finance from outsiders? 4. Does the company have a seasonal financing need? If so how large is it and what will be the perception of suppliers of finance at the time of the need? 5. Might the company have a cyclical financing need? If so, how large might it be and what will be the perception of suppliers of finance at the time of the need? 6. Does the company have a long term need for additional finance? If so, how large is it and what will be the perceptions of suppliers of finance at the time of the need? 7. Is the company profitable? (Future profitability is one of the keys to raise finance) 8. What is the underlying financial accounting practice? For example, are all subsidiaries consolidated? What lives have been assumed for depreciation purposes? 9. What is the trend in profitability? Is the improvement due to: i. Short lived supply shortages? ii. Opportunistic changes in financial accounting? iii. Cyclical factors iv. Curtailment of strategically important expenses? 10. Is the return on equity high/low/average due to: i. Its operating margins? ii. Its asset utilization? iii. Its financing mix? 11. Is the level of profitability sustainable, given the outlook for the market and for competitive and regulatory pressure? 12. Are the earnings available to corporate or are they blocked in other countries? Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/finance-homework-help/

Becton Dickerson

In your judgment, did Becton Dickinson have an obligation to provide the safety syringe in all its sizes in 1991? Explain your position, using the materials from this chapter and the principles of utilitarianism, rights, justice, and caring Becton Dickerson is one of the largest manufacturers of medical supplies,dominates the market in disposable syringes and needles. In 1986, BectonDickinson had acquired exclusive rights to a patent for a new syringe invented byCharles B. Mothball that had a moveable protective sleeve around it. The plastictube around the syringe could slide  down to rarely cover the needle. 992, a nurse, Maryann Rockwood, used a Becton Dickinson 5 cc syringeand needle to drew blood from a patient know to be infected with AIDS. Ms. Rockwood Worked in a clinic that served AIDS patients, and she drew blood from their patients several times a day. After drawing the blood on this particular day,she transferred the AIDS contaminated blood to a retile test tube called a restrainertube by sticking the needle through the rubber stopper of the lest tube, which shewas bolding with her other hand. She accidentally pricked her finger with thecontaminated needle. She is now HIV positive.For removing this problem, on December 23. 1996, the U. S patent officeissued patent number 4,631,05y to Charles B Mitchell for a syringe with a tubesurrounding the body of the syringe that  could be pulled down to cover and  protectthe needle on the syringe. As Mitchell noted in  his patent application, those devicesall suffered from serious drawbacks. One of them would not lock the protectivecover over the exposed needle, one was extremely complex, another much longerthan a standard syringe and  difficult to use, and a fourth was designed primarily foruse on animals.So, it can be said that Becton Dickinson has not an obligation to provide thesafety syringe in all its sizes. The company decided to market only a 3 cc versionof the protective sleeve. For 5 years, B ecton Dickinson manufactured only 3 ccsafety syringes. Utilitarianism, rights, Justice and caring: The principle of Latinityrequires that wherever we have a choice between a  native actions or social policies,we must choose the one that has the best overall consequence for everyoneconcerned. Denton Dickinson had at least four other patents for needle-shieldingdevices.There included ICC, 3 cc, 5cc, and to cc syringe. However, the companydecided to market only a 3 cc version of the protective sleeve. The a cc syringes account for about help of all syringe used, although the larger size 5 cc and 10 ccstringer-are preferred by nurse when  drawing blood. Should manufacturers be held liable for failing to market all the products for which they hold exclusive patents when someone’s injury would have been avoided if they had marketed those products? Explain your answer. Yes, they should be. It is their legal and moral obligation to do so.

MGM330-0704A-04 Business Decision-Making - Phase 2 DB Essay

MGM330-0704A-04 Business Decision-Making - Phase 2 DB - Essay Example The three options of credit discount incentive offers are cash back on online purchases, cash back on purchases at clothing stores and entry into a sweepstakes every time the customer utilizes the credit card. The key quantitative tool that determines which option is more attractive for the customer is probability. Probability is the chance of an event occurring (McClave & Benson & Sincich, 2001). For example if a person flips a coin which has only two possible outcomes the probability of the coin landing on heads is 50%. The Piggy case provides some research which can help a statistician determine the probability of a client winning a sweepstakes. The odds of winning a prize are 1 in 1000, thus the chances of winning are 0.1%. The company determines that the average American makes 52 credit card purchases a year. Each of these 52 occurrences represents a separate event with a probability of 0.1% of winning the prize. The value the customer receives can be compared to buying 52 one d ollar lotto tickets. There are lotteries that offer a 1 in 1000 chance of winning $500 when a person purchases a $1 ticket. The attractiveness of this option depends of what is the actual prize of the sweepstakes the company is offering. The other probability of the other two option can not be determine right now without additional data, but this does not mean that an initial analysis can not be performed. As far as the probability the two options follow a different probability called subjective probability. Subjective probability utilizes statistical models based on past information in which two different players may have different probabilities for the occurrence of a same event (Levine & Stephan & Krehbiel & Berenson, 2006). To understand this concept lets analyze each option. The online purchases option implies that a person will be attractive by the incentive because the customer can get cash on online

The Impact of Nursing Shortage upon the Healthcare Industry Research Paper

The Impact of Nursing Shortage upon the Healthcare Industry - Research Paper Example Different studies were conducted in the past concerning the possible causes of the increasing shortage of nurses and the impact on the quality of health services provided to the patients. This research will intend to gather the opinions of nurses and doctors with respect to the surging pressure resulting from the declining numbers of nurses. It becomes evident that the number of nurses offering care to patients is declining over time for various reasons. Some of these reasons include low salaries accorded to nurses, and the increasing requirements of nursing practice. Other researchers have attributed the decline to the lack of favorable working conditions, the rising demands of aged people requiring health care, and availability of other career options. The research hopes to rely on data collected from 85 participants who will describe their opinions as answers to the questionnaires. For this research to be a success, there is the need for the researcher to determine specific method s that will be used in evaluating the data collected from filled-in online questionnaires. Data evaluation involves both the process of collection and that of analysis (Blunch, 2008). SPSS is one of the software products available in the market, which is critical in analyzing data from questionnaires. It has the potential to analyze and validate data from questionnaires, so it will be the data collection method used in this search. Since SPSS can analyze multivariate factors, it has a lot of validity as an effective tool in this research. I will expect data highlighting different factors, and I can rely on it to analyze the various responses from participants in my research. Reliability and validity. Three procedures in data evaluation will be used and include metadata preparation, data validation, and model preparation (Boswell & Cannon, 2011). The use of SPSS will offer a level of integration between validity and reliability as the tool helps the researcher analyze data effectivel y irrespective of how many variables exist. The SPSS software enables readers and other related parties to be certain of the undertaken research and gleaned information. Therefore, it is essentially a reliable and valid tool to deliver updated information concerning health issues and ascertaining the extent to which some of those issues may be hibernating to cause an unprecedented harm. The approach is reliable in aiding researchers to acquire certainty in medical and nursing procedures, thus ensuring validity of the accrued findings. It is a valid tool to guarantee accuracy and evidently proven researches. The essence is that the software diminishes any chances of perforation of information and data while enabling researchers to engage in advanced experiments to solve vital health issues. The coefficient values will be also calculated using SPSS. This explains why this tool will be of immense help in this research. The fact that SPSS can assist in performing all these tasks proves its reliability and validity. After data evaluation, the researcher will come up with graphical representations of the results and correlation values making it easy to draw conclusions (Polit & Beck, 2013). The software guarantees the safekeeping of data in different versions and ease in accessibility. Therefore, it is the most

Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Research - Assignment Example These include audit trails, checks in times of coding, correct referencing and results evaluation (Munhall, 2012). You decide to conduct a qualitative study aimed at determining the influence of life stressors on graduate nursing education. You plan to collect the data using an Internet survey. How do you collect qualitative data using an Internet survey? Would the data be credible? Why or why not? Collection of qualitative data will be possible via use of appropriate internet software plus questionnaire templates (Munhall, 2012). There will be a questionnaire provided via the internet that participants will fill and submit. The questionnaires are to have a certain number of questions, which the participants will complete in conformance to the instructions. First, there should be recruitment for respondents willing to join in the survey. This is possible through advertisements in various sites such as yahoo and Google (Munhall, 2012). Offering prizes or incentives for participants would encourage several people to join the exercise. The data will be credible if the selected responds are eligible for the exercise (Munhall, 2012). This is because the respondents required are those experienced on stressors. What are sources of qualitative research problems? Identify an issue from your clinical practice that could be studied using qualitative method. Why do you think qualitative method is appropriate to study the problem? Research problems emanate from various sources, for example; the skeptical nature of individuals each day provides a research topic (Houser, 2009). Qualitative research issues may stem from practical aspects, for instance, in nursing a skeptical individual may develop a question that concerns nurses in the provision of health care (Houser, 2009). In clinical practice, an issue such as the problems encountered by nurses as they deliver care to patients is suitable

Is Washington Irving an Anti-Feminist Research Paper

Is Washington Irving an Anti-Feminist - Research Paper Example Irving thus became reputable not only in England and America but also internationally. Although criticized by his contemporaries as mere imitator and recycler of antiquated British styles and German tales rather than a creative genius, his innovative style of writing, remarkable use of literary techniques and vivid description of his fictitious characters, notably Rip Van Winkle and Ichabod Crane, in the backdrop of rural America made his short stories leave a deep impression on his readers’ imagination until today. In fact, his famous immemorial short story Rip Van Winkle had become instrumental in the development of modern short story as a distinct American literary art form. (Andrà ©s and Requena 27; Oates 17) He was also ascribed the status of a classic American writer decades before his death. More remarkably, Irving achieved his renown as a writer at a time when literature was perceived in America to be a dangerous profession due to the racial prejudice of the superior British literary establishment; literature in America then was all imported. (Andrà ©s and Requena 26) â€Å"The real risk,† Rubin-Dorsky commented, â€Å"involved in the response of the British literary establishment, which had been merciless in its criticism of American writers, chastising them for their defective taste and brutish manners† (507). In fact, Irving achieved his reputable literary status because he was able to successfully secure the approval of European readers without having to renounce his American identity (Cunliffe 85). Seeing his English readers greatly admiring his works, Irving realized he could boast his American identity through his pen. So, he used his flair in writing to make kn own the American West to the rest of the world, and to pay homage to one of the Founding Fathers and the First President of the United States of America, his namesake, George Washington. (Elliot 171) The above descriptions evidently show how highly

Analysis of Articles about the Effect of the Socioeconomic Roots Has Essay - 3

Analysis of Articles about the Effect of the Socioeconomic Roots Has on the Upper Echelon Management - Essay Example University of Michigan Business School, Working Paper. Although the article is old and is specific to a single function of procurement it is included because it provides the managerial decision making through a procurement perspective. 3. Carl Martin Allwood, Marcus Selart (2001) Decision Making: Social and Creative Dimensions. Springer. This book discusses in detail the decision making processes and the impact of various factors on decision making. It discusses the decision making at different management levels. 4. Charles R. Schwenk (1995) Strategic Decision Making. Journal of Management, Volume: 21, Issue: 3, SAGE. It is written by a graduate of Indiana University. The article discusses various aspects of decision making and discusses the impact of other factors as well on the upper echelon decision making other than just socioeconomic impacts. Therefore, the article looks at the topic under study from a broader view. 5. Christoph Lechner (2006) A Primer to Strategy Process Research. Cuvillier Verlag. This book is academically renowned. One of the chapters of the book discuss the strategies especially used by the upper echelon management in making decisions and the impact of various factors on the cognitive style and their final decision. Although most of the book is irrelevant to this study some part is a readily available source of information. 6. Cliff Bowman and Andrew Kakabadse (1997) Top management ownership of the strategy problem. Long Range Planning Journal, Volume: 30, Issue: 2, Elsevier Science Ltd. the writers belong to the Cranfield Centre for International Management Development, Cranfield University, UK. The paper discusses the involvement aspect of the upper echelon strategic decision making and also shed light on the impact of socioeconomic roots on it.

The Sitcoms of the 1970s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Sitcoms of the 1970s - Essay Example The television sitcoms of the 1970s explored our racism, sexism, and class bias and uncovered a reality that exposed the depth of prejudice in America and the television industry. Because television during this period was an evolving event, it's helpful to view it somewhat chronologically. By 1970 Leave it to Beaver had been deceased for 7 years. Ozzie and Harriet passed in 1964 and My Three Sons had just two more seasons of life left. The image of the typical American family that consisted of a well employed father living in suburbia had been exposed as a myth and could no longer support a sitcom. The 1960s and the war in Vietnam had dissolved the country's innocence and America was ready to explore their new maturity. No other vehicle would spark as much social, political, or cultural debate as the American sitcom during this period. The years 1970 - 1972 were as important for what was canceled as much as for what was debuted. In 1971, the rural south was virtually eliminated from the comedy half-hour format. Green Acres and the Beverly Hillbillies were both canceled. These two shows depicted an unrealistic view of the South and rural America in general. Characters were put in positions that were not believable while portraying a bias against the underlying themes of bigotry and ignorance. Mayberry RFD and Hee Haw, shows that reflected the widely accepted view of rural common sense and decency, also got cut in 1971. These shows would be replaced by more urban and topical settings with characters capable of generating greater controversy and better demographics (Butsch 19). Idealism was being tempered by network economics. A major theme that ran throughout the 1970s sitcom was the reshaping of our perception of the American household. The picture of the house being headed by a strong father figure was fading. Women were becoming more dominant and shown as more independent in shows such as Mary Tyler Moore and Maude. The men were portrayed with character flaws such as Archie Bunker in All in the Family and Fred Sanford in Sanford and Son. Men were underemployed and if married lived with a dominant female. This restructuring of the household offered the producers and writers the opportunity to explore issues that the white middle class male could not approach. June Cleaver could not even discuss abortion, while Maude Findlay could have one. Ward Cleaver did not drink while Walter Findlay, Maude's husband, was an alcoholic ("Maude"). Many sitcoms of this era were placed in a household where the children were grown. This provided an environment for adult issues to be aired and debated. It would also offer the contrasting social viewpoints that were emerging at the time. No other show propelled the 1970s sitcom genre as much as All in the Family did when it debuted in 1971. Producer Norman Lear had gone to the edges of the American psyche to explore racism. Yet, television was still in its adolescence and this was shown in the naivet of the program's plot and writing. Archie Bunker, the lead character, was an avowed bigot who referred to minorities as "Spades, Spics, or Hebes" and believed that their social gains were coming at the expense of the middle class whites ("All in the Family"). Lear believed that by playing Bunker as a misguided fool, his bigotry would likewise be

Linkedin Essay Example for Free

Linkedin Essay What is the LinkedIn website, what service(s) does it provide? (3 marks) It’s a serious business social networking website. It provide resume-posting by more than 100 million professionals and corporate types. 2. What was LinkedIn’s Net profit Margin in 2010? (1 mark) $243-million revenue, profit: $15. 4-million 3. Why are their concerns about the future potential growth in the number of LinkedIn user? 3) -The company acknowledges that the number of its registered members is higher than the number of actual members because â€Å"some members have multiple registrations, other members have died or become incapacitated, and others may have registered under fictitious names† -LinkedIn stated that â€Å"we do not have a reliable system to accurately identify the number of actual members† more of the users use Facebook more often than LinkedIn, if they don’t raise the frequency to increase the times to visit their site, then it might become a problem in terms of profits and stock price. . What is the major driver of their expected -220 times profit-per-share price of $32-$35? (2) -from 2009 to 2010, revenue increased by 102 % and income increased by 487 %. -The audience that already spans much of corporate North America. 5. Who generate most of the site’s revenue? Why do they use the LinkedIn website? (3) -LinkedIn brings in most of its money from corporations that use LinkedIn as a recruiting or marketing tool. which companies can use the user profiles to identify both active and passive job candidate, are cheaper than traditional recruiting firms. 6. Approximately how much capital is LinkedIn trying to raise? What will it be used for? (3) -IPO valuation of $3-billion -â€Å"invest heavily† in product development -â€Å"aggressively expand† its field sales staff 7. Would you invest in LinkedIn shares? Why or why not? (3) -probably no, lthough It’s a unique concept compare to other s ocial net working website, however, all these facts stating that the company isn’t doing very well in the article. The risks in raising their number of users, major competition like Facebook and Google. Down side benefit for new investors, that will have minimal voice in the company’s governance, since they plan to maintain a dual-class voting structure, and forecasted a net loss for 2011 of unspecified size. All these facts show that maybe it’s not the right time to invest in the company yet.

Nike Cost of Capital Essay Example for Free

Nike Cost of Capital Essay Kimi Ford a portfolio manager at NorthPoint Group which is a mutual-fund management firm, is considering to buy some shares from Nike, inc even if it’s share price had declined from the beginning of the year, for the Northpoint Large-cap fund she managed which invested mostly in Fortune 500 companies and it was doing well despite the decline in the stock market over the last 18 months. Kimi therefore surveyed the results of Nike’s fiscal-year 2001which had been revealed a week earlier. Issues that caused a decline in market sales as revealed by the management of Nike 1. Revenues since 1997 had stopped growing but remained around $9. 0 billion. 2. The net income had fallen from $800m to $580m a decline of $220 million. 3. Nike’s market share in the U. S. athletic shoe industry had fallen from 48 percent in 1997 to 42 percent in 2000 (6% decline) 4. The issue of Supply-chain and strong dollar exchange rate also affected the revenue negatively. Nike’s Strategic plan to address the above issues 1. Increase revenues by developing more athletic-shoe products in the mid-priced range. 2. Push its apparel line which had performed tremendously well. 3. Exert more expense control on the cost side. 4. Nike’s executives expressed their interest to continue with the long-term revenue growth target of 8 to 10 percent and earnings-growth targets of above 15 percent. Although the management presented its plan to improve on its performance, there were mixed reactions from the third party analysts. Kimi Ford was also not satisfied with the Nike’s analysis therefore she decided that it was necessary to develop her own discounted-cash-flow forecast. She found that Nike was overvalued at the discounted rate of 12% at its current share price of $42. 09. She also did a quick sensitivity analysis which revealed that Nike was undervalued at discounted rates below 11. 17%. In order for Kimi to make a proper investment decision for her Fund, she asked Joanna Cohen to calculate the cost of capital. However there were some problems. Cohen’s calculation of cost of capital. She used single cost of capital for the apparel and footwear lines assuming that they are sold through the same marketing and distribution channels and are often marketed in other collections of similar designs. WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) WACC is calculated using weighted averages of debt (Kd) and equity (We) Cohen used Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to calculate WACC 0f 8. 4 % however, she used the book values yet weights should be based on the market value. Her result of $3,494. 5 for the Equity was wrong. The formula for calculating the Market value of equity is E = stock Price x Number of shares outstanding .

The Essence Of Mbo Business Essay

The Essence Of Mbo Business Essay The use of management objectives was first widely advocated in the 1950s by the noted management theorist Peter Drucker. It can be defined as a process whereby the employees and the superiors come together to identify common goals, the employees set their goals to be achieved, the standards to be taken as the criteria for measurement of their performance and contribution and deciding the course of action to be followed. The essence of MBO is participative goal setting, choosing course of actions and decision making. An important part of the MBO is the measurement and the comparison of the employees actual performance with the standards set Ideally, when employees themselves have been involved with the goal setting and the choosing the course of action to be followed by them, they are more likely to fulfill their responsibilities. THE PROCESS OF MBO: Management by objectives (MBO) involves setting specific measurable goals with each employee and then periodically discussing his/her progress toward these goals. The term MBO almost always refers to a comprehensive organization-wide goal setting and appraisal program that consist of six main steps: Set the organizations goals. Establish organization-wide plan for next year and set goals. Set departmental goals. Here department heads and their superiors jointly set goals for their departments Discuss and allocate department goals. Department heads discuss the departments goals with all subordinates in the department (often at a department-wide meeting) and ask them to develop their own individual goals; in other words, how can each employee contribute to the departments attaining its goals. Define expected results (set individual goals). Here, department heads and their subordinates set short-term performance targets. Performance review and measure the results. Department heads compare actual performance for each employee with expected results. Provide feedback. Department heads hold periodic performance review meetings with subordinates to discuss and evaluate progress in achieving expected results. MBO appraisals are suitable for measuring quantitative and qualitative output of high-level employees. High-level employees such as managers generally report to directors, according to hierarchy and the chain of authority present in many organizations. Therefore, managers and the directors or executives they report to often work together to establish MBO goals for this type of appraisal. Performance Appraisal : A Look Employers use performance appraisals to measure both the quantity and quality of production. Performance appraisals typically are conducted annually, and employers often base decisions about salary raises, wage increases and year-end bonuses on employee performance. An MBO appraisal is just one method among several types of performance measurement tools. Others include: Graphic Ratings Scales, Narrative Evaluations, 360-Degree Appraisals, Peer Evaluations, Forced Ranking Or Differentiation Appraisals. One well-regarded and widely used approach to performance appraisal is called MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO). By definition, under this method, you evaluate your employees on the basis of results. MBO is more than performance appraisal its a construct for managing the entire organization. Its breadth includes the organizations vision, values, strategies, goals, and performance measurement. MBO (management by objectives) methods of performance appraisal are results-oriented. That is, they seek to measure employee performance by examining the extent to which predetermined work objectives have been met. MBO begins with managers at the top of the company setting goals. Then managers and employees at each successively lower level develop their own goals. Employees goals are designed to support the goals of their own managers. In this way, the entire organization is linked together in the pursuit of objectives. The focus is on outcomes that are clear, specific, measurable, and supported by action plans, benchmark dates, and deadlines. All aspects of the goal-setting process also apply to the employees personal and developmental goals, such as building their skills or knowledge base. Once an objective is agreed, the employee is usually expected to self-audit; that is, to identify the skills needed to achieve the objective. Typically they do not rely on others to locate and specify their strengths and weaknesses. They are expected to monitor their own development and progress. After employees meet with their managers to establish their goals and action plans, the employees return to work newly energized and focused on specific short-term and longer-term targets. Simultaneously, their managers monitor the employees performance, provide coaching and support, remove barriers or help employees overcome them, and make adjustments and course corrections as necessary. The employees performance and progress are clear, measured, documented, and transparent every step of the way. Employees are highly motivated through MBO because theyve been able to actively participate in the process of setting goals, instead of simply having the goals dumped on them. Their involvement in this type of decision-making helps meet many of their higher-level needs for accomplishment, achievement, recognition, and self-worth. MBO brings a wide range of advantages to the appraisal process: It helps build relationships between managers and employees. MBO includes a great deal of contact and communication between managers and their employees, which builds camaraderie, communication, and trust all key elements in strengthening teamwork. It fosters a comfortable climate in the workplace. MBO helps build an atmosphere of respect and trust within a given department and beyond. Because managers work directly with employees to identify and solve problems, MBO improves the quality of decision-making and problem solving. Its fair. Employees are evaluated on the basis of their performance and attainment of goals, which is regarded as fair and energizing. Its quick and easy. Performance evaluation forms associated with MBO are a breeze to complete. Typically, they spell out each objective as established at the beginning of the cycle, and then provide a space for the manager to summarize the results. Some MBO forms also include a scale that asks for a numerical assessment of the employees success in meeting their goals. These scales guide the managers in the rating process by including specific descriptions of excellent, good, fair, and poor levels of goal attainment. Management by Objectives and performance appraisal: The MBO approach overcomes some of the problems that arise as a result of assuming that the employee traits needed for job success can be reliably identified and measured. Instead of assuming traits, the MBO method concentrates on actual outcomes. If the employee meets or exceeds the set objectives, then he or she has demonstrated an acceptable level of job performance. Employees are judged according to real outcomes, and not on their potential for success, or on someones subjective opinion of their abilities. The guiding principle of the MBO approach is that direct results can be observed, whereas the traits and attributes of employees (which may or may not contribute to performance) must be guessed at or inferred. The MBO method recognizes the fact that it is difficult to neatly dissect all the complex and varied elements that go to make up employee performance. MBO advocates claim that the performance of employees cannot be broken up into so many constituent parts as one might take apart an engine to study it. But put all the parts together and the performance may be directly observed and measured. CONCLUSION: Although OD emphasizes the macro aspects of the organization, the individual is not ignored. In fact, individual developmental aspirations are identified and integrated with management development; managerial needs are translated into personal development objectives and action plans. Management by Objectives, the widely acclaimed and applied approach to management, has undergone considerable change over the years. In its early development, MBO was primarily an appraisal tool. Next, it integrated individual needs with organizational objectives. MBO was then expanded to include long range, strategic planning. But to remain a viable and effective managerial system, MBO must continue to evolve. New knowledge, where appropriate, must be merged with MBO. The inputs to the organization are transformed through the MBO process to produce the outputs. To be sure, this new MBO model is complex, but so is management. MBO must continue its evolutionary path and continue to aid, not add to, the work of the manager.

Essay --

Self-Motivation Motivation is a vital factor to be a successful leader in work place. Motivation often increases and decreases at the office due to a variety of factors. Higher motivation leads to better productivity and developed quality of work. Keeping motivation levels high helps to achieve more in the workplace. If anyone feeling unmotivated when sit down at workstation productivity will goes down. If employees are demotivated in the work, self-motivation make it easier to stay on track and produce high-quality work. How employee make them self-motivated, following steps are given bellow- People who have a healthy level of self-confidence is probable applicants who is able to control the situation and able to reach goals. Self-confident are more likely to take big goals and tackle challenges that others avoid. Confidence or self-believe, leads to a quiet resolve pushes the individual across to finish. Building personal confidence by taking a mental inventory of past achievements, no matter how small. Remember any strengths or weaknesses that you observed and consider how you can improve upon them. This exercise increases self-motivational energy. Furthermore, goals are always obtainable, but motivation is the oil that helps to achieve victory. Goals give motivation a focus, making goal-setting crucial. When a person run or manage a small work, must set personal and company goals. Self-motivators may consult resources such as books and even attend seminars for motivation, but setting personal and professional goals is important. Positive attitudes are always leads a person to be self-motivated. Success begins as a positive thought, a belief that you can achieve something. A positive thinker sees the "win" before it happens a... ... needs. It is an internal engine, and its benefits show up over a long period of time. Because the ultimate reward in motivation is personal growth. The only way to motivate an employee is to give him/her challenging work for which he/she can adopt responsibility. Motivation is so complex and so important, successful employees always keep eyes on future work. Employees are the company’ best assets. If employees are not self-motivated, it will have a tremendous effect on productivity. The organization’s efficiency will decline by unmotivated employees. Proper motivation of employees is directly associated with productivity and with maintenance factors. Workers who are content with their jobs, who feel challenged, who have the opportunity to fulfill their goals will exhibit less destructive behavior on the job. So, self-motivation is more important than other factors.

The Earth’s Nuclear Core Essay -- Easrth Geology Geological Essays

The Earth’s Nuclear Core The Earth’s core is like a massive nuclear reactor, burning uranium into lighter elements, and producing much of the geological phenomenon observed on the Earth. This fission reactor is responsible for producing most of the Earth’s heat and energy, as well as, the phenomenon of geomagnetism. There is substantial reason to believe that the center of the Earth is a massive nuclear reactor derived from empirical data observed in the earth, and logical evidence to prove that the theory is true. The theory started when geologists in the fifties began whether natural occurring nuclear fission was possible. Eventually, empirical evidence presented itself. In 1972 at the Oklo uranium mine in western Africa, a natural nuclear fission reactor was discovered deep within the earth. The discovery provided an answer to the possibility of naturally occurring nuclear fission in the earth. Based on this discovery and other logical observations, the geophysicist, J. Marvin Herndon, proposed his theory in 1972, of massive planetary nuclear reactors. Recently Herndon proposed his newest theory. The theory is that the Earth has an estimated, five mile diameter, nuclear fission reactor in it’s core. This theory contradicts many traditional theories of geophysics, but is not with out ample evidence and reason to testify to it’s likely hood. Herndon, explains the conditions that must be present for a natural fission process to occur. The process of fission is the simply put, the breaking apart of heavy atoms to create lighter more stable atoms. Most elements try to become more stable through the processes of fusion or fission. These elements will generally form into a noble gas, those elements in ... ...m is that nobody has been able to disprove this theory. The founder of the theory, J. M. Herndon says, â€Å"I wish someone would respond, tell me that the science is wrong, but I just get nothing.† This says a great deal about the validity of these arguments. Anyone who would disagree would simply be ignoring the plethora of evidence stacked against other arguments. With so much evidence, and an apparent lack of serious opposition, it is difficult for any reasonable person to disagree with the idea of nuclear fission at the core of the Earth. This theory explains many phenomenon as well as answers old questions about the Earth. It should be understood that this theory is feasible and logical. So much evidence is certainly too convincing to ignore, and ignoring such an amount of evidence would be entirely foolish, for a scientist, institution, or any other person.

Causes and Solutions of Obesity Essay

If you can prolong your life, and make yourself feel better about who you are then why not overcome this overweight issue. In today’s world we are facing an epidemic that seems to be affecting even are young at an early age. We all know that obesity can have adverse effects on health, well-being, and relationship, and can be solved by eating organic food, exercising, and discipline. We are here to find out the different causes of obesity, and find out what we can do to overcome this fast growing epidemic. â€Å"Although people in the Unites States might not be eating more, they are gaining weight. According to the U.S Department of Agriculture, fat consumption by people in the United States has declined during past decades, but calorie expenditure has gone down as well. Adults are not burning the calories they are consuming, and as a result, obesity rates increased by 214 percent between 1950 and 2000. Two out of every three people in the U.S. were obese or overweight in 2010†. (Bird, 2011, March 26, p.1). They are several solutions that can be implemented to these causes, and some are individual, community, and government solutions. I feel it is everyone’s own responsibility to make they maintain their own health. Obesity could occur in all humans, obesity does not care what race you are or even the time you have lived in. â€Å"Ancient Egyptians are said to consider obesity as a disease, having been drawn in a wall of depicted illnesses†. â€Å"The Aztecs believed that obesity was supernatural, an affliction of the gods†. (Miles, 2006, p.1). Obesity begins in a membrane enclosed organelle known as mitochondria. Mitochondria can be defined as the part of the cell that is responsible for energy production. According to research mitochondria is believed to be the source where obesity begins. â€Å"My clinical work and research with patients with immune disorders, chronic fatigue, chemical sensitivity and obesity have led me to the conclusion that the primary site of catabolic maladaptation, and the obesity that it causes, is in the mitochondria.† (Where Does Obesity Begin,p.1). There are many speculations that obesity has been around for a long period time, but does anyone r eally know when obesity really started. There are many causes of obesity, and genes play a small role in how it can affect a person in the future. â€Å"Science shows that genetics plays a role in obesity. Genes can directly cause obesity in disorders such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome†. (Etiology, n.d.p.1). Even though genes play a role other factors come into play like the behavior of the individual. It can also depend on incidence of obesity in the family . â€Å"It is now well established that overweight and the different forms of obesity are conditions tending to concentrate within a family. Obesity risk is two to eight times higher for a person with a family history as opposed to a person with no family history of obesity, and an even higher risk is observed in cases of severe obesity†. Furthermore the way are genes have been sequenced can be linked to obesity. â€Å"Sequence variations within a pool of 56 different genes have been reported as being related to obesity phenotypes, h owever, only ten of those genes showed positive results in at least five different studies†. (Etiology, n.d. p.1). Even though genes play a part in cases of obesity they can still be overcome with different solutions. For example, I come from a family that is generally overweight, but I have chosen to change my lifestyle. I learned to exercise more frequently and not consume more than I need to at times. â€Å"Since there is only a small population of obese people who have been affected by the genetics of their family tree, it suggests that genes are not necessarily a fate that cannot be outdone. Obesity and the prevention of obesity can be aided with lifestyle changes and behaviors that include a healthy diet, increased physical activity, as well as medication†. (What Role Does Genetics, para.1). We are all born with genes, and it is normal to inherit these genes from your parents which can influence obesity. We as people enjoy tasty food which makes us devour unhealthy foods. This is where the fast food industry takes an immense toll on our country. There are certain items placed in these foods that can make people feel the need to eat these foods on a regular basis. â€Å"Almost all items on fast food menus are deep fried or packed with sugar, and many even contain chemicals or preservatives that further their addictive capabilities†. Just the other day I was affected by these hormones as I craved a ultimate cheeseburger from Jack in the Box. There are also factors which consist of what are fed to the sources of these treats. The animals are given certain hormones that are returned to us since we are consuming them in the process. â€Å"Many chains add hormones to the feed that they give to their livestock, which in turn ends up on a burger or in a wrap. These hormones are mainly used to increase the size or productivity of the animals being used, and some are both addicting and harmful to humans†. (Brad, 2009, p.1). Furthermore, convenience of these places makes it stress-free for societies to continue to purchase foods at these establishments. For instance, for people who are always in a rush are not able to make lunches for them, so they turn to the most convenient way to fill their hunger. â€Å"If you’re trying to manage a busy career, start a side business, have community responsibilities, and have a spouse and children at home (a situation that sounds awfully familiar to me), convenience can be an enormously important factor†. There is another issue of money if you are low on funds are looking for something to your taste you are able to purchase items off the dollar menu. Fast food industries can be found in almost every corner so it can be defined as a major role in our struggle. Even if they are numerous causes for obesity there are still many solutions that can be implemented to reduce or even cease this issue. There are plenty of forms of exercise that can be performed to lose weight, and exercise plans can be made to keep the pounds off once lost. â€Å"Obesity exercise solutions can help obese people lose weight and body fat safely. An exercise plan that is designed for obese people who have a limited range of motion can be an effective obesity treatment when combined with a nutritious diet plan†. (Obesity Exercise, 2009, p.1) Even if you do not have time to spare there is always other things like parking further away at the parking lot. There other benefits that comes hand in hand with physical training, and these are the health benefits. â€Å"Reducing your risk of dying from heart disease or stroke, lowering your risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, colon cancer, and diabetes† (Arthur, 2009, p.1). According to surveys conducted the leading cause of death in the United States come from cardiovascular disease. Physical health has been implemented for ages now, and it can be performed in certain jobs that require manual labor. In conclusion it might be the best way to reduce the chance of becoming obese or cure obesity. â€Å"Experts agree that regular exercise is one of the most effective ways to prevent obesity.† (Arthur, 2009, p.1). If you require motivation to help you hit the gym or apply a certain exercise routine to your life do it with a buddy. You can also join groups like the zumba classes, or you can make a goal for yourself to make it like a game. A diet of healthy eating can be ministered to help overcome obesity. Have you ever wanted a fresher taste to compliment your taste buds? Well organic foods are the way to go. Organic foods can be defined to encourage a healthier way of life, and even start to show positives outcomes to your body. â€Å"Organic food promotes healthy patterns of cell division and differentiation, and lays the groundwork for normal endocrine system regulation of blood sugars, lipids, energy intake, and immune system functions†. (Organic Pathways, para.1). I know some people are very limited when it comes to spending money on expensive food, but organic foods can even be grown to save money. Furthermore you are able to buy organic foods at wholesale prices at your convenience. Also adding small portions to your healthy diet plan can help reduce weight in the long run. â€Å"When you eat a large portion of food, glucose levels rise quickly. When your bloodstream is flooded with glucose, your pancreas releases insulin to move that glucose into your cells for use. But the faster glucose levels rise, the more likely it is that your pancreas will produce too much insulin, leading to low blood sugar, called hypoglycemia. Your brain is tricked into thinking you need more glucose and you start to feel hungry†. (Maura, 2011, p.1). Adding this to your daily regimen can help control over eating, and it can also stabilize your hunger. Talk to a nutritionist to see what would be best for your current situation. In conclusion, they are numerous causes and solutions that are associated with obesity, and it is up to you to decide which choices would best to make. If we do not do anything about it now obesity will continue to rise and overtake us in a very young age. According to statistics if we maintain this rise in obesity by 2030 eighty five percent of the United States will be obese. Implementing these solutions we can succeed in creating a better way of life for all people. We do not need to be like the society in the movie Wall E where all the people are obese! References Arthur S. (2009) Obesity and Exercise Retrieved from http://weight-loss.emedtv.com/obesity/obesity-and-exercise.html Beverly B. (2011) How much has obesity rates raised since the 1950? Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/384722-how-much-have-obesity-rates-risen-since-1950/ Brad V. (2009) Is fast food addictive? Retrieved from http://www.helium.com/items/1477052-fast-food-addictive-addiciton-unhealthy-chemicals-mcdonalds-kfc-wendys-corporations Etiology (n.d.) Retrieved from http://obesity.ulaval.ca/obesity/generalities/genetic.php Where Does Obesity Begin (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.majidali.com/where.htm Maura S. (2011) Three benefits of eating smaller portions Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/507006-three-benefits-of-eating-smaller-portions/ Milos P. (2006) The history of obesity Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?The-History-of-Obesity&id=357342 Obesity and Pregnancy surprising facts (2009) Retrieved from http://www.3fatchicks.com/obesity-exercise-solutions-for-a-limited-range-of-motion/ Organic Pathways (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.organicpathways.co.nz/community/story/654.html Trent (2011) Fast food, convenience and money Retrieved from http://www.thesimpledollar.com/2011/12/13/fast-food-convenience-and-money/ What role does genetics play in obesity (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.free-fad-diets.com/what-role-does-genetics-play-in-obesity.html

Perceptual Process

Perceptual Process The perceptual process is the sequence of psychological steps that a person uses to organize and interpret information from the outside world. The steps are: * Objects are present in the world. * A person observes. * The person uses  perception  to select objects. * The person organizes the perception of objects. * The person interprets the perceptions. * The person responds. The selection, organization, and interpretation of perceptions can differ among different people (Figure 0).Therefore, when people react differently in a situation, part of their behavior can be explained by examining their perceptual process, and how their perceptions are leading to their responses. Perceptual Selection Perceptual selection is driven by internal and external  factors. Internal factors include: * Personality – Personality traits influence how a person selects perceptions. For instance, conscientious people tend to select details and external stimuli to a greater d egree. Motivation – People will select perceptions according to what they need in the moment. They will favor selections that they think will help them with their current needs, and be more likely to ignore what is irrelevant to their needs. * Experience – The patterns of occurrences or associations one has learned in the past affect current perceptions. The person will select perceptions in a way that fits with what they found in the past. External factors include: * Size – A larger size makes it more likely an object will be selected. Intensity – Greater intensity, in brightness, for example, also increases perceptual selection. * Contrast – When a perception stands clearly out against a background, there is a greater likelihood of selection. * Motion – A moving perception is more likely to be selected. * Repetition – Repetition increases perceptual selection. * Novelty and familiarity – Both of these increase selection. When a perception is new, it stands out in a person's experience. When it is familiar, it is likely to be selected because of this familiarity. Perceptual OrganizationAfter certain perceptions are selected, they can be organized differently. The following factors are those that determine perceptual organization: * Figure-ground – Once perceived, objects stand out against their background. This can mean, for instance, that perceptions of something as new can stand out against the background of everything of the same type that is old. * Perceptual grouping – Grouping is when perceptions are brought together into a pattern. * Closure – This is the tendency to try to create wholes out of perceived parts.Sometimes this can result in error, though, when the perceiver fills in unperceived information to complete the whole. * Proximity – Perceptions that are physically close to each other are easier to organize into a pattern or whole. * Similarity – Similarit y between perceptions promotes a tendency to group them together. * Perceptual Constancy – This means that if an object is perceived always to be or act a certain way, the person will tend to infer that it actually is always that way. Perceptual Context – People will tend to organize perceptions in relation to other pertinent perceptions, and create a context out of those connections. Each of these factors influence how the person perceives their environment, so responses to their environment can be understood by taking the perceptual process into account. ANOTHER DEFINITION Perception is a process consisting of several sub-processes. We can take an input-throughput-output approach to understand the dynamics of the perceptual process.This approach emphasizes that there is input, which is processed and gives output. The stimuli in the environment – subjects, events, or people –   can be considered as the perceptual inputs. The actual transformation of th ese inputs through the perceptual mechanisms of selection, organization, and interpretation can be treated as the throughputs , and the resultant opinions, feelings, attitudes, etc, which ultimately influence our behavior, can be viewed as the perceptual outputs.

Dunkin Donuts

44577001079500 Women's Campus College of Business Administration BUS351 International Business Course TERM 172 GROUP PROJECT: FINAL DRAFTDUNKIN DONUTS Working in the Quick Service restaurants industry gave Dunkin' Donuts a huge challenge to face globally, when entering new markets using one mode of entry, â€Å"the Franchising†, it meant establishing a local base for a global business, and great opportunities exist in the Saudi Market, yet great challenges to prove ability of continuing business. For 31 years, Shahia Food Limited was the franchisee global DD selected to represent the brand in the Kingdom, it applied a localized industry by promoting Saudi terms related to the brand, and was massively supported by the government to keep satisfying the Saudi taste, through its 200 shops across the Saudi land. KeywordsDunkin' Donuts, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, franchising, franchisee, joint venture, entry modes, entry determinants, 2030 vision. IntroductionRecently, Saudi Arabia has been the spotlight of the investments internationally. According to 2030's vision, Saudi is attracting new investors every year. The market in Saudi is attractive and has significant attributes. In order to satisfy the Saudi taste and Saudi consumption trends, the company must meet what Saudi clients want, which will ensure an international success in the heart of the global world. Dunkin' Donuts is considered one of the top ten companies worldwide, with more than 12,000 branches in all over the world. Dunkin' Donuts is managed through maintaining a strong position in all its targeted markets, by using the modes of the entrance and proper strategies with an experience of nearly hundred years of offering baked goods and drinks. Overview of the IndustryQuick service restaurant (QSR) industry was established in 1921, which offers previously prepared food immediately to the on-the-go consumers that were defined as a new type of restaurants. Donuts were created in 1847, and it has been developed to be combined with a variety of flavors through years and associated with hot drinks, to please the American taste with sugary products. The size of the market globally is predicted by more than 3 Trillion Dollars, due to the massive number of workforce around the world, fixed assets spread worldwide, and size of activities practiced. The market of QSR maintains a small industry in it, for baked goods and coffee, maintains multiple international brands that operate in this field, and this industry is approximated in more than 1 Trillion Dollars annually, and the market is divided primarily between 4 brands as follows: Company BackgroundIn 1948, William Rosenberg initiated his first shop for coffee and doughnuts, the â€Å"Open Kettle†, which was based on a 40% of revenues, William was able to reach from his food in-plants outlets and food trucks, which was the impending trend of fast food, introduced to the world. In 1950 William Rosenberg chose Dunkin' Donuts as a new name of â€Å"Open Kettle†, to be the first Dunkin' Donuts shop in Quincy, Massachusetts, USA, the shop offered 52 flavors, and William was able to open 6 more Dunkin' Donuts shops during its first five years constructing a chain. In 1960 the International Franchising Association (IFA), was originated to franchise the brand globally and locally. At the moment, Dunkin' Donuts is based in Canton; Massachusetts, USA, Dunkin' Donuts is part of the Dunkin' Brands Group, Inc. family of companies.So far, Dunkin' Donuts was able to achieve success, which maintains more than 11,300 shops in 44 countries (8,500 in the 41 US states, and 3,200 worldwide), offering everyday a stop for baked goods and coffee, setting the brand as a market leader globally.In 1971, William was diagnosed with lungs cancer, he passed the business to other Dunkin' Donuts leaders. An English businessman, Nigel Travis is the current CEO for Dunkin' Donuts, who has been running Dunkin' Donuts since 2009. Dunkin' Donuts founder:William Rosenberg (1916-2002) was American entrepreneur who was the founder of Dunkin' Donuts. Rosenberg attended a public school. Because of financial problems Rosenberg was forced to leave his school in the eighth grade to support his family. At the age of fourteen, Rosenberg worked as a delivery boy for Simco. At the age of twenty-one, Rosenberg raised from delivery boy to national sales manager, supervising the production, cold storage, shipping, and manufacturing. In 1948, the Open Kettle was started by Rosenberg which is a coffee and doughnuts shop. Later, Rosenberg renamed it to Dunkin Donuts. Dunkin Donuts was popular offering fifty-two types of doughnuts over six stores. In 2001, Rosenberg published a book which is â€Å"Time to Make the Donuts: The Founder of Dunkin Donuts†. William Rosenberg's vision is kept until today under the name â€Å"the philosophy of Dunkin' Donuts†: â€Å"Make and serve the freshest, most delicious coffee and donuts quickly and courteously in modern, well-merchandised stores.†Regarding Dunkin' Donuts values, Dunkin' Donuts attains twelve values applied perfectly to franchise owners, and they are as follows:Honesty  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The truth is always the major key to success.Transparency  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ sharing thoughts fluency. Respect  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Give individuals their nobility and win others' regard.Fairness  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Do what is right even if it is hard to do.Humility  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ helping less fortunate individuals. It is about the team and the society as a whole.Responsibility- Be accountable for the outcome whether the situation is good or bad. Integrity  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Character indicates when no individual is looking.In 1990, Allied Lyons the owner of Baskin Robbins purchased Dunkin' Donuts that was renamed to Dunkin' Brands in 2004. Dunkin' Donuts reached the first rank in customer loyalty of coffee category by Brand Keys for 10 years successively.Dunkin' Donuts's major competitors worldwide: Starbucks: Starbucks is obviously the leader of all Competitors of Dunkin' Donuts. It competes with Dunkin' Donuts by offering a variety of baked food and drinks in a relaxed atmosphere. McDonald's: McDonald's is one of the main fast food chains in the industry and one of the top Competitors of Dunkin' Donuts. Offering a variety of food items and drinks at low prices with quick service.Krispy Kreme: Krispy Kreme offers doughnuts and coffee, which means the toughest competition with Dunkin' Donuts.Dunkin' Donuts's major competitors in Saudi Arabia: In Saudi Arabia market, Dunkin' Donuts has a variety of competitors both international competitors and local coffee shops. International competitors are Starbucks, Krispy Kreme and McDonald's. The local coffee shops are Coffee Day, 12cups, Alchemy. As a result, Dunkin' Donuts should adopt and understand the Saudi culture to compete with their competitors. Furthermore, selecting some reasonable areas that most of the locals may not have the capacity to manage the cost because of their limited budgets, Dunkin' Donuts can gain a competitive advantage.Entering to the Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaGlobalization enabled local companies to become international, by giving them accessibility to invest in foreign markets, expanding their sizes, assets net worth, and targeted segments of customers. Also, it gave governments better opportunities for developing communities.Entering KSA as an international business is an easy process, but must be applied with accuracy and professionalism. The competitive investing climate attracts investors to be on this land, and only the most creative innovative could last, since the mid-1970s as of recently.In 1986, Shahia food Limited Company wins the contract of Dunkin' Donuts franchise and was able to introduce the brand Dunkin' Donuts to Saudi Arabia. Dunkin' Donuts is keeping spreading in KSA over thirty-one year. the first branch was established in Al Olaya. Nowadays, the company has more than 200 branches in all Saudi regions, starting from:Riyadh Region (King Khalid Intl Airport, Wadi Laban, Al Muzahimiah, Diriya, and more). Western Region, which includes (Mecca, Jeddah, and Madinah) Eastern Region (Khobar, Dammam, and Jubail)Qassim Region (Buraydah, Badiah, Bakeereya Unayzah, and Zulfi) Saudi employees versus Foreign employees:Dunkin' Donuts employes an acceptable number of Saudis. Its main purpose of having many Saudi employees is because of the policy of its industry, that employing Saudis to easily serve Saudi consumers will help to reach Dunkin' Donuts products. Moreover, Saudi employees can realize their nation consumption habits more than foreign employees. KSA modes to enter Saudi market:There are many modes to enter Saudi market. every type serves organizations, governments, and customers, reaching their objectives. Methods can be summarized as follows:Exporting: a country (exporter) sells goods and services and distributes them to another country (importer).Piggybacking: Selling goods services to local businesses, but they market the vendor globally.Buying a company: is the most expensive method of entering a country, it is about purchasing a local company. Turnkey Projects: Forming a project from the ground, and selling it to local companies to warranty an indirect existence. Contracting: either through licensing, joint ventures, or partnering, it refers to a contractor assists to introduce the brand to the local market. The percentage of involvement the contractor obtains is different from a contract to another.Greenfield Investments: means a project where a firm builds operations in a foreign market beginning from scratch. This mode has a large cost and local lows control it.A number of elements, such as expenses, local laws, necessities, desired quality, and industry will affect the company choices of these modes. Dunkin' Donuts has chosen since 1960 using the franchising model to enter America and worldwide markets, and Dunkin' Donuts used it in KSA too through Shahia Foods Limited that held the franchising method. Dunkin' Donuts KSA has its own vision statement that sequel the overall Dunkin' Donuts vision: â€Å"To be always the desired place for great coffee beverages and delicious complementary donuts & bakery products to enjoy with family and friends† As well as Dunkin' Donuts Mission:†To be the leading provider of the wide range delicious beverages & baked product around the kingdom in a convenient, relaxed, friendly environment, that insures  the highest level of quality product and best value for money. We provide our guest, the elegant service, and unforgettable experience to meet their expectations in every single visit.?†These strategic management tools state that Dunkin' Donuts KSA works under the localization theme, because of Saudi community privacy, that Dunkin' Donuts exists to make its enjoyable moments with delightful pastries and drinks, it is general in food firm to follow the localization theme because of the dependence of the food fields on the local tastes. The localization method is tracked through the Dunkinha and Dunkawy cards terms that support the customer's loyalty, and a customized menu made by Dunkin' Donuts for only Saudi Arabia. Conclusion It is apparent that KSA was for Dunkin' Donuts an important market, that's why it was chose from the beginning to be located in. Saudi's location, the type of consumption trends the society maintains, the support of the government received by international market players, and the encouraging purchasing power obtained by the Saudi people all these and other considerations, were the reason why 31 Dunkin' Donuts existed in KSA. The unique mode which is franchising is used by the company worldwide, this method was used due to the nature of the industry maintained by Dunkin' Donuts, which is QSR, that means it is a must to have the food on demand, this point cannot be done by other types of entry, it should be done through actual existence, and to reduce cost and time of studying national taste and its trends. To represent the company in the kingdom Dunkin' Donuts preferred to have a national local franchisee. The choice of this franchise was distinctive, due to the 31 years position of ruling the QSR in backed food and drinks industry in KSA, accomplished by Shahia, where the total market share reached is 49% of total market, compared to 29% for Starbucks and 22% for MacDonald's'. Discussion Questions and Answers:Why choose Saudi Arabia? Dunkin' Donuts is considered as the quick service restaurant industry., it is situated in Canton, Massachusetts, USA, it chose to invest in KSA because of its high concentration on building up the company's points of interest by existing in Saudi Arabia the heart of the world, which means rising the abroad experience. Moreover, it strongly supports the fact of investing where it can be focused on expanding resources, inattentive of having power. However, having the ownership flexibility, and publicizing risk.How the investment in Saudi Arabia? The comprehensive advantage of investment in KSA is known as stable. There is no need to concern about the nationalizing of the international businesses because of the encouragement practiced by the Saudi government towards foreign investors and the supporting for liberal ownership in the Saudi market. How do political ; global policies affect your business?The high rate of return, and the taxation system, for foreign investors in KSA, were factors of attracting the international business. The kingdom of Saudi has many advantages for foreign investors which are the highest digits for GDP in the region, controlled inflation rate, the size of the Saudi market, and finally the size and support given for the infrastructure. These great advantages are not only to attract Dunkin' Donuts to Saudi Arabia but all types of investors.Entering KSA as an international business is considered an easy process?Entering KSA as an international business is an easy process, but must be applied with accuracy and professionalism.What were the difficulties you faced to enter the Saudi market? Studying and analyzing the Saudi customer needs, was one of the greatest work done by Dunkin' Donuts KSA. One of its studies stated that employing Saudi Staff, and practicing the Saudization, will give the Saudi clients a more pleasant and stratified experience. SWOT Analysis:Strengths:The industry's most fundamental point of strength that makes it worth to persist the business through the past years is â€Å"the time-saving rule†, which means the industry reaches what regular restaurants can't offer, all these restaurants guarantee fast processes and quick purchase of food. Weaknesses:Staff who work in low conditions, with low wages, are considered from the weaknesses this industry face, which gave it a bad reputation among people worldwide. Opportunities:Due to globalization every year there are new markets added to the demand forces as a huge opportunity to the industry. Threats:Consumer demand for healthier food is increasing the threat in this industry, which will keep these restaurants under the consumer satisfaction indexes pressure. Appendix Interview questions ; answersWho are your national ; global competitors? Our competitors are other businesses operating in the same industry as we are. Which are: Krispy Kreme, McDonald's and the main competitor is Starbucks.Does Dunkin' Donuts buy from other countries or make the products?No, the raw material comes from America and Dunkin' Donuts produces the products in Saudi.How is your marketing methods different here in Saudi Arabia to other countries?Marketing methods are different in each country because of cultural differences. In Saudi Arabia, Dunkin' Donuts understands and respects the culture and religion of the region by following the regulations and guidelines for advertising the company.What is the entry mode that Dunkin' Donuts use (Franchising, licensing, joint venturing, exporting, turnkey projects or wholly owned subsidiary?Licensing with Franchising, as a combined mode used by the company worldwide.How do political ; global policies affect your business? It impacts Dunkin' Donuts by having many barriers to entry in different countries. Each country has its own policies that Dunkin' Donuts needs to follow in order to operate the business there. These days, Saudi is becoming more strictly by developing new regulations regarding operating businesses. In strategic positioning, does your business choose differentiation or low-cost methods for their products in order to create value for Dunkin' Donuts products?No, Dunkin' Donuts likes to keep up with the standards in order to offer high-quality products to the customers. After the value-added tax, Dunkin' Donuts just added one riyal to all products and make more offers to attract customers.Do you have different methods of choosing your employees here from other countries?Dunkin' Donuts likes to follow the government requirements regarding the Saudilization. As well as to have non-Saudi employees as a percentage of the staff, but to be able to speak English and Arabic as well. The interviewee information: Name: Gilhesh Paul Position: Area Supervisor. Phone number: 0560-213-910 Email: [email  protected] ReferencesDunkin' Donuts. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2017, from http://www.dunkinbrands.com/about/donutsG. (2017, December 07).Dunkin' Donuts franchise. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from http://worldfranchise.eu/franchise/dunkin-donutsMarket Entry Strategies. (n.d.).Retrieved December 11, 2017, from http://www.tradestart.ca/market-entry-strategiesNigel Travis. (n.d.).Retrieved December 10, 2017, from https://news.dunkindonuts.com/about/leadership/nigel-travisSaudi Arabia – Market Opportunities Saudi Arabia – Market Opportunities. (n.d.). Retrieved December 11, 2017, from https://www.export.gov/article?id=Saudi-Arabia-Market-Opportunities(n.d.). Retrieved December 9, 2017, from http://www.dunkindonuts.sa/English/Dunkawy/Pages/default.aspx12,000Global Locations And Still Growing. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2017, from http://www.dunkinfranchising.com/franchisee/en.html Dunkin Donuts What are the stages in a product life cycle? What are the marketing implications of each stage? From my studies it has been provine that the product life cycle is a great marketing concept that focus on the revenues from the sales of a product. The product life cycle is drawn like a bell curve. The life cycle is divided into four stages they are introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Introduction-It takes time of a new product to begin selling in volume. There may be manufacturing or logistics issues to contend with. The marketplace may be unfamiliar with th product and creating awareness takes time. Consequently product sales show a slow growth during the introduction phase. Growth- The growth space is characterized by a rapid increase in sales volume. This is created by increased product demand when customers are buying. Manufacturing and logistics issues are likely resolved and the market is far more aware of the product. Maturity-The maturity phase is established by sales volumes leveling off. At this point competition is strong and margins may begin to suffer. Signs of getting to this stage are that competitors may start advertising more strongly or using other promotional means to increase sales. Decline-Is when a product sales begin to decrease and it is at this point that some serious marketing decisions need to be made. It is sometimes possible to extend the life of a product by changing some of its product attributes, repositioning it or by packaging it with other products. Dunkin Donuts What are the stages in a product life cycle? What are the marketing implications of each stage? From my studies it has been provine that the product life cycle is a great marketing concept that focus on the revenues from the sales of a product. The product life cycle is drawn like a bell curve. The life cycle is divided into four stages they are introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Introduction-It takes time of a new product to begin selling in volume. There may be manufacturing or logistics issues to contend with. The marketplace may be unfamiliar with th product and creating awareness takes time. Consequently product sales show a slow growth during the introduction phase. Growth- The growth space is characterized by a rapid increase in sales volume. This is created by increased product demand when customers are buying. Manufacturing and logistics issues are likely resolved and the market is far more aware of the product. Maturity-The maturity phase is established by sales volumes leveling off. At this point competition is strong and margins may begin to suffer. Signs of getting to this stage are that competitors may start advertising more strongly or using other promotional means to increase sales. Decline-Is when a product sales begin to decrease and it is at this point that some serious marketing decisions need to be made. It is sometimes possible to extend the life of a product by changing some of its product attributes, repositioning it or by packaging it with other products.

The Lion as Symbol in Art

The lion has been a symbol in art since the origins of artistic representation have been documented (in pre-historic cave drawings to the later representation of the lion on city walls, coins, and household items such as vases and plates).   The lion in present day art realms is a symbol of strength and power[1].   The lion in more distant times was concurrent with these themes.   In order for a clear representation of the lion to be presented a look into its past dealing with art must be expounded.   Since artist draw the world around them, it must be inferred that in ancient Iran the lion was a prevalent animal and the artists of the time saw its powerful capabilities and associated that power with their own kings.   However, the lion is not a solitarily presented animal; it has other animal counter-parts such as the bull[2], the snake, the camel, the deer, etc.   In order for a precise discussion of the lion to be represented, these counterparts must also be included.T hese animals are the prey for the lion.   The lion show dominance over the above-mentioned animals, and in artistic representations of this battle, the viewer may infer the artist’s intention by how the lion is depicted, but first, some history about the lion in art,A study of the iconographies on vaes, seals, etc., from the earliest settlements of the Persian, Elamite and Mesopotamien area throughout the ages down to the Assyrian, Achaemenian and Seleucid periods, reeals a perfectly astrounding continuity of tradition in regard to a considerable part of the contellations, such as they were eventually transmitted to the Greeks.   That those uncounted reprentations of bulls, lions, scorpions and other figures, such ast he seven-headed hydra under the lion or the god with streams floating from his shoulders, are meant to be constellations, is in most cases clearly indicated by star symbols or by typical combinations and confrontations of two or more such astronomical elemen ts, or else by other typical concomitant motifs.  Ã‚   (Hartner The Conquering Lion 1964, 162).Thus, the lion was attributed to natural scenes found around the artist.   Since stars were such a dramatic and essential part of agrarian culture, it is not so far-fetched to believe that these artistic peoples placed the lion (a dominant figure in their own society both feared and revered) in the sky as a symbol, along with other animals (bull, bird, deer, etc.).   The calendar was instrumental in the daily lives of these people because it told them when certain seasons would arrive, when to plant crops, etc. and so, they continuously looked toward the skies for knowledge and inspiration:   In order to fully understand what they saw they gave common day items constellations by which to know the sky and by extension the season.   The Greeks or the Hellenistic calendar[3] as well as the Hispano-Islamic calendar[4] the solar year was understood and remembered.   Therefore, const ellations that are known today referred to as Leo, Taurus, etc, had their roots in ancient times.There was a symbolic and veritable battle taking place in the heavens for each of these cultures with their constellations.   As such, the two prominent constellations were Leo and Taurus.   They were in opposition to each other even in 4000 B.C.In the first half of February (counting according to the Gregorian Calendar), the constellations called later the â€Å"Hired Laborer† and the ‘plow’ had their heliacal rising and thereby indicated the time for Spring plowing, harrowing and sowing.   Just during this period, on February 10, the Pleiades, i.e. the leading star group of the Bull, Taurus, had their heliacal setting, i.e. were seen for the last time in the course of the year, to remain invisible (because in conjunction with the Sun) until, after 20 days, they rose again (heliacal rising), to indicate Spring equinox.   Now at the very moment of the Pleiades ’ heliacal setting (February 10, 4000 B.C.), the constellation of   Leo, standing 90 degrees apart, at the Persepolis or Ur occupies exactly the zenith, the â€Å"Royal Star†, Regulus-sarru, culminating at ca. 8 degrees distance from the zenith point.   (Hartner, 163).The significance in ancient culture of the above event was that it was interpreted as the victory of the lion over the bull.   The constellation Leo is at its apex during this time and is directly above the observer’s head and in its full spectrum of power.   It then is symbolic in this position has having killed the bull who has been escaping its equinox below the horizon to ‘hide behind the sun’s rays’.   After the lapsed time of 40 days will the constellation Taurus reappear and gain strength will the constellation Leo diminishes and set[5].   This is the classic Lion-Bull combat and can be seen in a plethora of paintings from this time to present art.   (Hartne r (163).As the Lion-Bull combat is dominant in Iranian art, especially with the lion as the victor is it imperative to juxtapose the lion with regality.   As such, one artistically representation piece that incorporates the beast is found on the cloak of Roger the second.   This cloak was created in Palermo around 528 H./A.D.   The cloak has an Arabic inscription that reads that the intention of the cloak is made for precise use for the treasury of the ‘Sicilian capital’ (Hartner 164).   Thus, the symbolic language of the cloak highlights the significance of the lion as representation of power , as Hartner states, â€Å"Indeed, the recent conquest of and rule over an Arab land, as well as Roger’s concern for the conversion of the ‘Saracens’, could not be better expressed than by the age-old motif of the lion slaying a big but weaker animal.   In this case, the latter was appropriately given in the shape of a camel† (164).The expressi on of the cloak is that of triumph over conquests and glory in those triumphs.   Not only is the lion in representation of royalty but also of military prowess.   In battle with different animals (snake, gazelle, bird, as the lion has often been represented slaying) the lion is victorious.   In cultural context, the lion’s symbols remain constant.   In Islam, for instance, the Great Mosque of Amid there is an archway that is framed on either side by the Lion-Bull motif.   These figures are excellently sculpted and juxtapose each other in a mirror image.   These figures were aesthetic by design but they also had political undertonesThe double scenes of the lion overcoming a bull would, according to van Berchem’s ingenious hypothesis, signify the tyrannical power exercised by the Nisanid over the Inalids; this assumption—and in particular the identification of the Inalid amir with a bull—is supported by another symbolic representation close to a n inscription on the city’s Aleepo Gate of 579 †¦Here the conqueror of the Inalids and of Diyarbakr, the Artuqid Muhammad, represents his victory by means of the emblem of a bird of prey over a bull’s head, which would again represent the same dynasty†¦(but the lion)should be regarded as a symbol of secular power. (Hartner, 166).In the early sixth and seventh centuries the lion stands out as a central motif.   The lion is a political symbol representing the power of one kingdom over another.   The lion essentially is a symbol of great power.   This is represented in the enameled dish of the Artuqid Dawud b. Sukman b. Artuq of Hisn-Kaifa[6] which has a classic lion motif.   The lion is pictured in the dish with a deer in the upper right.   There are other animals pictured on the dish as well, all quadrupeds or birds.   These animals are dominant over weaker animals (the birds of prey are more powerful that is) just as the lion overtakes the deer, s o do the birds reflect this predator/prey balance.   The central figure on the dish is Alexander the Great, ‘that is the apotheosis of the archetype of world ruler† (Hartner 166), so, the dish adequately represents the power symbol in the animal kingdom with the figure of one of the greatest rulers.The lion and the bull are prevalent in a power struggle throughout out, and the lion remains the victor of this battle.   Another prime example of this symbol can be witnessed on the gate of the citadel of Diyarbakr.   This symbol is associated with ancient Islam, as it existed in abundance in the art found in Umayyad near Jericho.   Here, there is mosaic dà ©cor that emphasizes the lion.   In the bathhouse in the palace, there is a mosaic room that is nonrepresentational and is mainly filled with geometric shapes, which was the aesthetic of the times, however, on the raised apse, where most likely the lord of the palace resided while in attendance is the mosaic sce ne of a lion and gazelles.This is a very naturalistic representation and more than likely the artist rendered it in accordance to true scenes found outside the palace.   The way in which this scene is compiled is reminiscent of Byzantine or Roman art.   The lion being incorporated onto the apse was not the only representation of power, but in the placement of the lion on the chair of the power figure of the palace is where strength could also be symbolized, as Hartner states, â€Å"This is underlined by the fact that the stucco figure of a ruler on the ceremonial gateway to the bath house complex is standing on two lions so that in this milieu the ion obviously had a royal connotation.   On the other hand, there has been found at Antioch a sixth-century mosaic frieze in which, on either side of trees, a wild beast is always juxtaposed to a tame animal†¦renders the older concept of uncompromising rule by the paramount power† (167).The lion as a symbol carried into o ther art forms as well such as the textile print based on the concepts of the lion permeated by the Sasanian era.   The silk depicts two hunters on horses with wings while in the foreground is a field of lions.   The lions are roaring in a berserk fashion.   Each rider is simultaneously holding up a lion cub.   The unique factor on the silk textile is that neither hunter holds a solitary weapon.   The figures then are representational of kings since they are surrounded with regal animals (not only the lions and cubs but also an eagle in the background) and their power can be seen in the fact that they do not have any weapons but rely on inner strength to hold the cubs.The Sasanian era is a plethora of lions being represented in art.   Assyrians were great supporters of the idea of lions as the king of the jungle and related this fact in artistic forms of their own kings or in art pieces were they wished to connote power,Assyrians regarded lions much like human enemies an d were thus eager to have their triumphs over them faithfully rendered; the image of the royal beast was then transformed into the conqueror himself, which meant that the kings identified themselves with the lion, be it in the metaphorical language of the historical accounts or visually, in the form or a royal emblem.   In this manner, the lion was shown in the act of triumph over the mighty bull, as we see it on the Boston disc[7].   Here the symbolic character appears quite evident from the fact that the ferocious lion looms so much larger than the less vitally rendered bovine animal, as it represented the point of view of patron and artist.   Such usage explains also why this motif occurs, for instance, as a design on the embroidered tunic of the ninth-century King Assurnasirpal (Hartner 168).The lion bull combat then is depicted as a regal power struggle with the lion being the victor.   This can be seen not only in the fact that the lion is, and has been the symbol of p ower but also in the way in which the battle is placed in relation to other objects (as was demonstrated on the apse and the picture of the owner atop two other lions, which showed dominance) as can be demonstrated by the great Apadana staircases.   Although the symbolism of royalty is not directed connoted with the lion, the juxtaposition of the relief can be found next to   an inscription by Xerxes which states, â€Å"of this wide, far-stretching earth† which is in reference to his celestial appointment.   (Hartner 169).The lion was also once on the flag representing Iran with the lion in front of the sun[8] and a sword in its grip.   The Iranians then have a prominent history involving the lion which seems to be a source unto itself as a symbol of kingly strength, as Hartner infers,At this point it is appropriate to indicate that a comparison of the Achaemenid reliefs with the earlier Assyrian version reveals that the Iranians had made great progress in perfecting the design.   While originally the symbolic situation necessitated the sharp contrast between a large, dynamic, and realistically rendered lion and a smaller, more inert and stylized bull, the actual relationship between the two animals is vague and remains artistically unresolved (169).The lion then becomes allegory in Iranian art, not only as it has been depicted in the past but as it is being represented in modern Iran as well.   Albeit, the lion has become more realistically draw in scale with the bull, so that the dominance of this beast over the lesser and inadequately equipped for battle quadruped, is exerted as an even more astounding display of heroics, dominance and strength.   Since the smaller lion is capable of defeating the more enormous bull, the association of a king with such allegory is representation of the king, though with lesser forces, can defeat his enemy who has many.Work CitedAdams, Liliana Osses.   (2003).   Sumerian Harps from Ur.   (Online).à ‚   Available:http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje35/text11p.htm.Dorfles, Gillo.   (March 1957).   Communication and Symbol in the Work of Art.   TheJournal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism.   Vol. 15, No. 3.   pp.   289-297.Hartner, Willy.   (December 31, 1964).   The Conquering Lion, the Life Cycle of a Symbol.Oriens, Vol. 17.   pp.   161-171.Janson, H.W. & Anthony F. Janson.   (1997).   History of Art.   Fifth Edition Revised.   PrenticeHall, Inc., and Harry Abrams, Inc., Publishers.   New York.[1] The epic of Gilgamesh derives from Mesopotamian culture (Adams 2003) involving a super-human man, two-thirds god and one-third human.   Thus, the theme of the lion with human qualities or humans with super-human qualities likened to animals is not strictly found in Iran.   In the translated stone tablets that exist of the story Gilgamesh is king of Uruk in Babylonia, which is located today in modern Iraq.   The story, historically, takes place approxima tely 2700 B.C. however; the story itself was only orally passed between audiences until being written in cuneiform in 2000 B.C..[2] The bull did not reside in the culture of Iran alone but throughout the Middle East.   As Gilgamesh was given as an example prior, the bull is found in this story as well with Gilgamesh conquering the bull as depicted on the Lyre found in the British museum of London. This Lyre stresses the importance of music in Uruk as well as in Mesopotamia.   The pictorial representations of Gilgamesh on the lyre are very elaborate and innovative.   The image of the bull is greatly utilized in Mesopotamian art and on the Harp or Lyre of Ur at the British Museum the animalistic traits and images is no different.   The significance of the bull on the harp is that Gilgamesh slew the sacred bull at the walls of the Ishtar Temple.   The harp was then reputedly clothes in garments of gold and adorned with horns and thenGilgamesh dedicated it to his father [3] Fr om 200 B.C. but Ptolemy is attributed with making a calendar as early as 150 A.D. [4] from the 10th century. [5] Not only is the Lion-Bull combat well-known and represented in art, but there is also the Lion-Deer combat that also has its settings with the stars, and will discussed later in the thesis.[6] This period is between 508 and 538, and the dish being discussed is thought to have been created by a Persian-speaking craftsman who may have leaved around Iran or in Central Asia in general. [7] The Boston disc being referenced is that found in Khorsabad which is supposedly the shield that had belonged to the Assyrian King Sargon the second. [8] The sun is a symbol of eternal life, as is the lion.   The sun represents fertility since in agrarian culture it made plants grow.   The sun is a duality just as much as the lion is one because while the sun is impressive in its scope of aiding in growth it can also be deadly as in times of draught.

A Research About Reasons

Although you learnt it and it may be not a very hard word to recognize, you still cannot be able to speak that word out or write it down. It seems disappear mysteriously and never exists in your head. Vocabulary is a very important element within a language as the overwhelming majority of meaning is carried lexically. There are certainly other elements such as: grammar, stress, rhythm, intonation, tone of voice, pauses, hesitations or silences, not to mention the use of non-vocal phenomena: kinesics and proteomics features (Rosa M. . In my point of view, we cannot learn any languages without knowing the vocabulary of it. It is obviously that how we can express our statuses, our feelings and how we can communicate with no word even in speaking or writing. In 1990, MAC Scratchy stated, no matter how well the student learn the lessons grammar, no matter how successfully the sounds of LA are mastered, without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in an LA Just cannot happen in any meaningful way. (LA-second language).Therefore, to find problems of being difficult to use vocabulary is one of the most necessary things to solve. Although the other factors are also important, vocabulary is definitely the first section which must be done well for learners. You must have been embarrassed at least once and felt stuck when o cannot speak the LA word out in public. So you have to replace it to another word that is not as excellent as the one before. Its all because you didnt remember that word. After reading this material, you will discover causes and solutions to defeat your vocabulary weakness.In general, the Solution for Using English Vocabulary in Speaking and Writing is completely useful for all high school students and nonprofessional English university students. However, the other university students can also apply this research in their study. As everybody seems to underestimate earning vocabulary, we usually think Just learn by heart and understand new words, thats enough. But it is wrong! Nowadays, when the standard of life is more and more increasing, people pay less attention into worrying about what to eat or what to wear anymore, conversely, they have turned to worry about their knowledge. Particularly, parents who want their children have the best education at school and they always attempt to do it, so learning second language should be a typical example of this tendency. Many years ago, Vietnamese started learning other languages like Chinese, French and above all others was English. Nevertheless, it was not popular as present and learners mainly taught themselves studying. Thank to modernization, newly imported cultures of foreign countries, we have more chance to approach and adapt it how to it becomes our advantages.Therefore, the government is trying to make LA become a criterion for citizen to raise our countrys position higher in the world. For that reason, learning other language is very essential and vocabulary should merely be taken heed the most. Lacking awareness about vocabulary importance is actually one main cause making us feel bored and hard to ND then they forget for a while. Because teachers also force them learn grammar by heart more, but require them to be good at both, Just learning and learning, they dont have time to acquire what they have Just learned.During the research process, I made a study of this and realize that there are more different methods to teach a student improve his or her learning skills. This will help us evaluate our ways to learn from the past until now, to find out which is good to develop it more and which is bad to stop and to erase from our habits. Students in Viet Name are almost good at rammer, yet they always feel they cant speak or write their LA frequently. Therefore, this research aims to a very cause vocabulary. After you improve your vocabulary knowledge, it is for sure you wont never fear this problem anymore.However, in spite of the importance of this element, vocabulary is often the least systematized and the most neglected of all the aspects of learning second language. For that reason, why do people underestimate vocabulary the English element? And How to change this thought of learners to improve their speaking and writing skills? Chapter 2: Literature Review Before we start finding the efficient ways to use vocabulary in speaking and writing, we need to clarify some questions, find out the main reason to solve it totally and then we will be better at these two skills. What is a vocabulary?According to the Collins Cobbled English Language Dictionary (1989: 1629), the vocabulary of a language is the total number of words in it and in the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (New Eighth Edition, 2012: 1722), is all the words that a person knows or uses. About word, it is defined, a single unit of language which means something and can be spoken or written. Some people sauntered between vocabulary and word, they think they are similar, but actually not. To simplify those definitions, we can understand that vocabulary is all of the words we know and use to communicate effectively.Some of them we use in speaking or learn from reading books, some we regions when listening from the others. There are two types of vocabulary: A. Use vocabulary (active vocabulary): words you can remember and use easily. Students learn vocabulary indirectly when they hear and see words used in many different contexts, for example, through conversations with adults, through being read to, B. Recognition vocabulary (passive vocabulary): words you knew in advance but for some reasons, its hard to spell or to pronounce correctly, and you need something remind.Students learn vocabulary directly when they are explicitly taught both individual words and word-learning strategies. In fact, the use vocabulary is as large as your recognition vocabulary and when you speak or write, you do not use as many words as when you recognize it from hearing and reading at all. This is information which tells us that if we can draw the recognition and the use one together, how remarkably our speaking and writing are improved! As a student, the researcher has been through many years at school, most vocabulary I learned and varied were from English textbook (grade 6 to grade 12).However, I actually could use half of them in practicing and all of my friends were the same with me or some were even worse. According to Beck McKeon in 1991 , Early vocabulary researchers reported figures ranging from 2,500 to 26,000 words in the vocabularies of typical grade 1 students and from 19,000 to 200,000 words for college graduate students. And in two decades ago, there was considerable consensus among researchers that students added approximately 2,000 to 3,500 extinct words yearly to t heir reading vocabularies (Anderson Nagy, 1992; Angling, 1993; Beck and Smoke, 1991; White et al. , 1990).At the present time, the vocabulary size of each student must have increasing that figure more and more thanks to the help of modern technology. This is right and wrong. Although students have varied their vocabulary greatly but they are hindered partly by tissues such as types of vocabularies being considered (e. G. Active and passive vocabulary). Moreover, students have more subjects to study and to be good at all that subjects either. They o not only learn by heart other subjects theories but they also have to acquire an amount of vocabularies and grammar structures which are their second language.Therefore, learning vocabulary may become a burden for almost students and they will be bored with foreign languages lessons. The importance of vocabulary Everybody knows vocabulary knowledge plays an essential part to have a good basement when he or she learns a new language. Because it is obviously that without a basic amount of vocabulary, you cannot study language of any country well even if you are really good at its grammar. In 1997, Ellis stated, knowing the words in a piece of discourse facilitates understanding which in turn allows the grammatical patterning to become more transparent. However, course books and teachers try to focus on grammar and make it become more important than the other elements. Additionally, foreigners can catch your speech with an imperfect grammar and an enough known vocabulary. But not many people get this point, they try to study hard in grammar skill, as the results, there are many people who learn vocabulary, still underestimate the importance of it. Students need both of a great many words in heir vocabularies and the ability to use various strategies to establish t he meaning of new words when they encounter them (Fran L. , Jean O. ND Alfred H. ) Knowing a lot of words is good but not enough, all of it will be useless if you cant be able to use it appropriately and effectively. Think about some practical cases like when you want to write or speak an interesting sentence in your writing or your speech and you try to find the best word to apply in that sentence because you cant find out or cant remember it. Cannot find it out: you didnt know that word; Cannot remember it: you re lack of ability to use it immediately. Even if your grammar structure of this sentence is excellent, do not have vocabulary it still have nothing.As McCarthy stated, , No matter how well the student learn the lessons grammar, no matter how successfully the sounds of LA are mastered, without words to express a wide range of Scratchy is the author who did many researches about the importance level of vocabulary, and this status above surely prove that words of LA is the most necessary element for every learners. Thus, I believe that we should raise the awareness of students about the importance of vocabulary. And then when students aware by themselves, they can easily improve this element and have their own motivation to learn how to use it in any situation effectively.Word Poverty Main reason causing difficulties in our speaking and writing A. Word poverty: Researcher Louisa Moats refers to the gap in word knowledge between advantaged and disadvantaged children as word poverty. In her study of the language abilities of kindergarten students in a large city district, Moat found that many children were unable to name pictures that showed the meanings of words such as sewing or parachute. (Moats, 2001) It is clear that learning vocabulary is not Just about memorizing lists of words, but it also depends on methods of each learner so that they will be good or bad at their study.For that reason, vocabulary is a main root of a studying new language process, if the root is not healthy and weak, i ts tree-truck definitely will be wheeling and underdeveloped. It is the same with learners who are easily distracted or they approach their second language in a wrong way. Like the research above, children and students learn a numerous new words everyday but when they are asked about any word of their vocabulary knowledge, hey may not remember it. Most cases have started in learning vocabulary which is the first important mile, there have different levels to divide learners into different types of Word Poverty.B. Level 1 inappropriate vocabulary: using vocabulary incorrectly in given situations such as speaking or writing. This level is not too bad, those students have relative knowledge of vocabulary. However, English is a various language for learners to totally understand and acquire it, it is very difficult to get all principles of it. Therefore, in some circumstances, learners can make mistakes and apply the word in wrong position. For instance, right/left are normally used for indicating direction, but these words will not be appropriate on a ship, according to the Nautical Terms, right/left must be starboard/port.Level 2 wrong level of formality. This common error can occur to any learner. We usually use conversational English in spite of academic English in formal situations, because its hard for us to choose right words to apply our utterances or our speeches. An typical example is sit down in informal situation and be seated, ladies and gentlemen of formality. Level 3 meaningless vocabulary. There are some learners use words in a sentence improperly for two reasons. First, they translate it word to word by their mother tongue; second, they misunderstand its meaning without looking up in dictionary.The worse things are wrong grammar forms, wrong spelling or pronunciation. Word poverty will affect your speaking and writing very much if you dont change this now. Lack of vocabulary or using it illogically obviously will make your speech or your writing underestimated. Vocabulary Development Building vocabulary is a powerful way to enhance your life and career. Because articulator situations in which the learner finds himself, or might find himself, according to Wallace (1988: 16). 1. How to improve and expand vocabulary of your own. There are many ways helping you develop your vocabulary knowledge.Nevertheless, because of so many methods and so much direction which make you feel confusing to choose, in this research, I gladly give you the most six effective approaches to enhance your vocabulary. 1. Keep Learning New Words This is the great technique which many people use to develop their vocabulary knowledge. You must have known about the technique, it has one only rule: have to earn at least a word a day. Thus, if you count these numbers of words you have learnt over a years, it will support you a lot of words. Moreover, you will be more responsible for your study. . In the book Learning English Effectively, Nagyn Too Sins M. A in Bowie State University, Maryland gives us a very new ways to learn vocabulary which bases on the traditional one. He named it Percentage Formula, this method emphasizes that although there are a great amount of new words you try to learn, you also forget some of the so many words. Main reason is your brain always accounts some percentages of the total vocabulary you have Just learnt. Do not believe in the ability of memorizing of your brain totally, but cooperate with it wisely.For example, you learn 10 words a day, if you forget 20% of them, you will remember 8 words. With someone learns 15 words, if he forget 15%, he still remain 10 words. Compare with the one who learn 10 and who learn 15 words, you can realize that the more new words we learn, the less words we will miss due to the discount of your brain. Similarly, if you learn 20 and forget 40%, you will remember 12 of those words; hen you try to learn 30 or 40 words per day and you may even loose 50 or 60%, you still get 15 and 16 words in your memory. . Keep a vocabulary notebook of your own is also a good way to learn new words. Wherever you are, if you suddenly discover a strange or interesting word, you can write it down in you notebook. Obviously, you must decide what words to put in and what to say about them. Should you translate them, give definitions, give grammatical information? The decision is yours. Remy and Richard, More Than Words). 1. 2 Independent Learning This technique is probably the most efficient for learners in their long run of tidying a new language.Because it is sure that we are always apply what teacher taught us effectively, sometimes what we are self-learned is more easier for us to apply. Villa Goodies suggested five ways to study vocabulary in context: Jigsaw Readings, Guessing Meaning, Narrow Reading, Conversation, Concordance Lines. These are suitable ways to improve your vocabulary knowledge at home. He also noted that Repetition is really important for learners to do some activities so that we can remember the new words for a long time. 1. 3 Use Various Techniques (Multiple Techniques)There are some techniques such as dictionary work, word unit analysis, mnemonic devices, semantic elaboration, collocations and lexical phrases, oral production. However, if you think these ways are too complex to apply in your study, Entertainment is also a tool for both studying and relaxing, you can learn vocabularies by foreign films, songs, games.. . Reading famous novels or books can As normally, we use dictionary to look up a new word, but it is not enough for taking full advantage of it. You must have your own dictionary which depends on your currently English level.Then circle the words you look up and it is necessary to read the entire for the word you will check. One more thing is Be Aware of Words. Some people read a lot to expand their vocabulary knowledge, but they are told having a small amount of vocabularies. It is because you are not really aware of the new and hard words when you read, so you skip it. This will not give you a good result although you have been reading all the time. 1. 5 Motivation This definition is quite abstract but very essential for learners who are studying a new language.The most important factor is a successful vocabulary building tool. It is clear that without motivation, your work will not be done well or if the work can be completed, it absolutely will have no effect. Thus, when you determine what your purpose and your motivation are, I know you can enhance your vocabulary as far as you want. Vocabulary is totally an essential part of learning English. Thus, when students can control and keep expanding their knowledge of it every day, there is no door to be less confident of practicing Speaking and Writing skills anymore.Chapter 3: Methodology Subject: It is Junior high school students, and university students who dont major in English. They are almost good at grammar but lack of vocabulary which is the main reason why they can speak and write English well. These learners are the very important human resources of our country in future and their second language is good or not which will affect their future Jobs very much. Therefore, I made up my mind to choose them are my objectives. There has the same character about the researchs subjects, that is almost them take care of their second language English.Research procedure: After observing and discovering weaknesses of students about their second language-English in general. Particularly in newspaper, television news, social network pages,.. And by my friends, my acquaintances. I realized a big gap of learning English which is underestimated by most students, vocabulary knowledge. Then, I made a research and collected information about this problem from books, Internet, statistics As a result, I decided to survey a number of students in my area, The; D(RCA district, Hippie Bin high school and another number of nonprofessional English students in HÂ ¶Eng BEng University.Because these two subjects are familiar to me, they are also easy for me to survey and analyze my research. After I had the result of what I had studied, I found main reasons causing difficulties for students when they write or speak English. By particular numbers and statistics I surveyed, it proved what I had mentioned before is right. Next, I drew all information from the materials and my own experiences together, then, I made a list of tips for learners to use vocabulary more effective in speaking and writing.Sample selection: The sample technique I used to support my research is Stratified Sample. As I nonprofessional English students in university, I decided to choose my school, HÂ ¶Eng BEng University and Hippie Bin high school which I used to study at in order to carried out my research. In HÂ ¶Eng BEng University, I focus on faculties taking more interest in learning English such as business administration, information technology, finance banking, foreign relationship. In Hippie Bin high school, I made a survey with advanced classes and normal classes.Sample techniques: Stratified Sample method which is dividing the population into subgroups and then randomly selecting from among these subgroups. In this direction, I followed two important criteria, materials and method. My primary materials I used to support the research are my computer with Microsoft Excel, I chose this software to help me draw diagram more exactly and clearly; a questionnaire I made by myself with eight questions; a mathematical model is my calculator; especially is my real subjects, the students at school, without them, my research paper would be meaningless and valueless.Data collection: Through a process, I collected much information and I did surveys by myself which I use to support my research. Therefore, my data has a clear origin and it is valuable. The way I selected and collected my data is quite simple. After searching for many sources related to my topic, I went on carrying out some analyses by questionnaire, tests, observation,.. . In order to make clear problems and find the best solutions for it. The locations where took place my surveys were HÂ ¶Eng BEng university and Hippie Bin high school.Consequently, almost all objectives take their interest in my research (94. 4%). There are more than 75% who also agree the main reason causing difficulties in their speaking and writing skills is Lack of Vocabulary. And there are more than 80% people think their two skills will be nearly perfect if they improve the vocabulary knowledge. Reliability and Validity: My research paper is mainly for high school students and nonprofessional English students at university, but it can also inspire the other levels of learners.First, the validity of my researchs results and applicability is suitable and general for every learner because its particular objectives are Just a manner so that I can take more focus on and narrow my topic. For that reason, there is not only high school or nonprofessional English students can approach this research, but there are also appropriate for secondary students or advanced English students whoever has the name trouble at his speaking and writing skills. Second, this is an issue of our national education now.When students are very good at English grammar and others elements, but they cannot apply it on practice and real situations. So the research will be useful for numerous learners in our country, and it will help them a good direction in their studying. About the reliability, I make sure t hat my research paper is trustworthy. Because I did it by my best and my real ability. Sources, books, websites, and surveys are on the research which proved that it is totally from my studying process.Finally, if you depend on the results and the capability, you will realize my new ideas and easily apply in reality. Obviously in English, speaking and writing is two factors which every learner want to be good at the most. However, to be master these factors, there are some elements that the learners must control well like vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar And the result below will show you what high school and nonprofessional English university students think about their two skills. [pick] With the question, Are you good at these two skills? (speaking and writing skills), he majority of students choose so so as their final answer. There are 66,7% high school students and 50% university students who feel they are at average of speaking and writing English. Especially in the yes button answer, there are 25% high school students think they can control these skills, in the contrary, no university student is confident that they are good at both. You can see in the diagram, half of university students are so so and the other half totally think they speak and write English badly.Meanwhile, there are Just 8. 3% high school students less confidence of speaking and writing English. What is the reason why they cannot remember the word that they used to know or read before when they need it? Relating to the result above, the very annoying trouble which students meet is they are usually stuck when speaking and writing English sentence because of not knowing how to describe it by vocabulary. [pick] There are High school students and total nonprofessional English university students admit their weakness.However, some high school students can overcome this difficulty with 16,7% of them. The first and second diagram can be explained the reason why not all students easily say they are good at Speaking and Writing skills UT half of them think they are so so and there are even worse because of 50% say- no university students. The cause is only for lacking Vocabulary. Majority of students English, they know about grammar and some rules of it but lack of words makes them lessen their confidence and also feel hard to practice the skills.With the big number of nonprofession al English university students, who entirely answer no toward being good at Speaking and Writing skill, because there are many factors effecting them at the high education school university. Vocabulary knowledge is an essential element f learning this foreign language but there are more other fundamentals they need to concern either. At this position of university students, they realize grammar and rules that are Just a part not whole learning English. Next diagram and statistical numbers below will show the elements effecting learners when they study English. pick] There are five main factors in learning English, they are Vocabulary, Grammar, Pronunciation, Stress, Intonation and some extra features. At the first sight, we can find out the strongest influent element which was chosen by students at high school and University, that is Lack of Vocabulary. With 75% and 88. 9% of high school and university students choices, this percentage shows that almost students are aware of their knowledge of vocabulary. They know and understand about the element effects on their English studying time, because Vocabulary is the most basic thing when you learn a language.